V      ^   ' 


^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


/. 


^ 


1.0 


I.I 


iM    12.0 


in 


L25  iu 


lift 

1.6 


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// 


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Fhotogra{diic 
.Sciences 
CorptXHtian 


V 


as  wht  main  strut 

\MiMTiR,N.Y.  14SM 
(7l6)l7a>4S01 


V> 


i 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVi/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inttituta  for  Historical  IMicroraproductione  /  institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


0^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Instituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographicaiiy  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  lm«ciaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aigriiflcantly  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chaclcad  balow. 


0 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagte 

Covara  rattorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurte  at/ou  palliculte 


I — I   Covar  titia  miaaing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


□   Colourad  mapa/ 
Cartaa  gtegraphiquaa  9n  coulaur 

I     I   Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 


Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  b^Jua  ou  noira) 

Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationt/ 
Planchaa  at/ou  illuatratlona  an  coulaur 


Bound  with  othar  matorial/ 
Ralii  avac  d'autraa  documanta 

Tight  binding  may  causa  ahadowa  or  diatortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

Laraliura  aarrAa  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatortion  la  long  da  la  marga  IntirSaura 

Blank  laavaa  addad  during  raatoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  t«xt.  Whanavar  poaaibia,  thaaa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainaa  pagaa  blanohaa  ajoutiaa 
lora  d'una  raatauration  apparaiaaant  dana  la  taxta. 
maia,  loraqua  cala  4tait  poaaibia,  oaa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  4t4  fiimiaa. 

Additional  oommanta:/ 
Commantairaa  auppl4mantairaa: 


T 
t( 


L'Inatitut  a  microfiimA  la  mailiaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  AtA  poaaibia  da  aa  procurer.  Laa  ddtaila 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  aont  paut-Atra  uniquaa  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifier 
una  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dana  la  mithoda  normala  de  flimage 
aont  indiqute  ci-deaaoua. 


I — I  Cokturad  pagaa/ 


D 


Pagaa  de  couleur 

Pagaa  damaged/ 
Pagaa  endommagiaa 


□   Pagaa  reatorad  and/or  laminated/ 
Pagaa  reataurAaa  at/ou  pelliculiea 

B   Pagaa  diacolourad,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pagaa  dteolortea,  tachetiaa  ou  piqutea 

□   Pagaa  datachod/ 
Pagaa  d*tach4aa 

0Showthrough/ 
Tranaparence 

□   Quality  of  print  varlea/ 
QualltA  inigala  de  I'impreaalon 

□   Inoludaa  aupplamantary  material/ 
Comprand  du  materiel  auppUmantaira 

□   Only  edMon  available/ 
Baule  MMon  diaponlbia 


T 

P 

o 
fi 


0 
b 
tl 

s 
o 

fi 

si 
o 


: 

Tl 
w 

M 
di 
ei 
b< 
rii 
ra 
m 


Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obecurad  by  errata 
allpa,  tiaauaa,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
enaure  the  best  poaaibia  imagV 
Lee  pagaa  totalament  ou  partlellement 
obaourolaa  par  un  faulllat  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  4tA  filmAee  i  nouveau  de  fa9on  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  poaaibia. 


Thia  item  la  filmed  at  tha  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ca  document  eat  film*  au  taux  da  rMuotlon  Ind^quA  ol-daaaoua. 

10X  14X  1IX  2M 


2BX 


SOX 


y 


12X 


ItX 


24X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  het  been  reproduced  thenka 
to  the  generoeity  of: 

Ubrery  of  the  Public 
Archives  ^f  Cenada 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
gAnArosit*  de: 

La  bibliothAque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quelity 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  speciflcetions. 


Original  copies  In  prlnte^l  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  origlnel  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  pege  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  Impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^-  (meening  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

IMaps.  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  Included  in  one  exposure  ere  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  end  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  4tA  reproduites  avec  ie 
plus  grsnd  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 

Les  exempielres  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sent  fiimis  en  commengant 
par  Ie  premier  plet  >nt  en  terminant  soii  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  c9mporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iiiustration,  soit  par  Ie  second 
plat,  salon  ie  cas.  Tous  las  autres  exemplaires 
orlgineux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iiiustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  sulvants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernlAre  Image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  Ie  symboEe  — »-  signifie  "A  SUiVRE",  ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
film«s  A  des  tsux  de  rMuction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ciichA,  II  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'engle  supArleur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  drolte, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  ie  nombre 
d'images  nAcesssire.  Les  disgrammes  suivants 
iliustrant  la  mAthodo. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

l'  ■■■ 

1^   * 


fs  J^t" 


REPOET 


OK  SUPPLTlHff 


THE  CITY  OF  QUEBEC 


vrtm 


PURE     WATER: 


BT  OBOU  OP 

GEORGE  OKILL  STUART,  ESQ., 

MAYOR  OF  aUBBBC. 


By  GEORGE  R.  BALDWIN, 

CITIb    BNOIMKIFR. 


BOSTON: 
CSURIiES  C.  UTTLB  AND  JAM£S  BROWN. 


18^8. 


I 


ttlriliiytrti 


!  ? 


y 


REPORT 


ON    SUPPLYING 


THE   CITY   OF   QUEBEC 


WITH 


PURE     WATER: 

MADE   FOR    THE    CITY    COUNCIL 

BY   ORDER   OF 

GEORGE    OKILL    STUART,    ESQ., 

MAYOR    OF   aUEBEC. 


By  GEORGE  R.  BALDWIN, 

CIVIL    ENGINEER. 


BOSTON: 

CHARLES  C.  LITTLE  AND  JAMES  BROWN. 

1848. 


.**'^*t 


bostok: 
phwtid  by  vkiehan  and  bollks, 

BIVOmaiBE  STBEXT. 


REPORT. 


41 


i-r-m 


Charlestowiif  April  2, 18^. 
Dear  Sir, 

In  compliance  with  your  communication  dated  July  1st, 
1847,  requesting  that  I  should  repair  to  Quebec  for  the  pur- 
pose of  investigating  the  practicability  and  cost  of  supplying 
that  city  with  pure  water,  I  commenced  a  reconnoissance  of 
the  neighboring  streams  on  the  11th  of  August  following,  to 
ascertain  their  relative  capabilities  and  facilities  for  furnishing 
the  rrquisite  supply. 

Owing  to  the  severity  of  the  winters,  nearly  all  the  minor 
streams  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  are  arrested  in  their  course 
by  the  entire  congelation  of  their  waters  —  and  remain  in  tha^ 
state  during  the  greater  part  of  that  season ;  rendering  liiem 
unsuitable  for  furnishing  an  uninterrupted  supply,  unless  arti- 
ficial reservoirs  of  great  capacity  were  constructed  to  hold 
some  four  months'  provision  of  water.  As  the  coldness  of 
the  climate  rendered  the  small  streams  unsuitable,  there 
remained  for  examination  only  the  two  larger  rivers,  the  St. 
Chariest  and  Montmorenci;  neither  of  which  presented  any 
apparent  objection,  either  in  regard  to  their  elevation,  quantity 
or  purity  of  their  waters,  or  in  regard  to  the  distance  to  which 
it  would  be  necessary  to  convey  the  water  by  artificial  means. 
Therefore,  considering  these  sources  sufficient  in  every  respect, 
surveys  were  made  to  ascertain  the  practicability  and  cost  of 
an  aqueduct  which  should  terminate  in  the  city  on  the  high 
ground  at  the  junction  of  Scott  street  with  St.  Lewis  road, 
where  a  reservoir  could  be  constructed  of  ample  height  for 


forcing  the  water  into  every  house  in  Quebec,  and  probably  to 
supply  the  lower  portions  of  the  citadel  enclosure. 

The  bountiful  and  salubrious  waters  of  these  two  rivers  at 
once  discouraged  any  thought  of  abandoning  them  for  a  nearer 
supply  by  means  of  steam  or  water  power,  which,  although  it 
might  result  in  a  cheaper  method  of  supplying  the  city,  should 
not,  to  follow  the  recent  examples  of  some  of  our  large  citiesj 
on  that  account  alone  to  be  preferred. 


CHARACTER   OF   THE    ST.   CHARLES  AND   MONTMORENCI   RIVERS. 


Altliough  neither  of  these  rivers  were  explored  by  myself 
much  above  the  points  at  which  the  water  would  be  taken,  if 
taken  at  all,  it  may  be  well  to  allude  to  them,  giving  such 
casual  information  as  was  gathered  from  different  individuals, 
and  other  sources;  in  particular  that  part  acquired  from  a 
journal  kept  by  William  Warvi,  Esq.  deputy  provincial  sur- 
veyor, who  made,  in  the  year  1837,  an  exploration  of  the 
sources  of  the  Montmorenci,  Saluriski  and  the  Huron  branch 
of  the  St.  Charles,  for  Peter  Patterson,  Esq.  the  present  pro- 
prietor of  the  Beauport  Seigniory.  It  appears  by  this  journal 
that  the  country,  after  reaching  a  point  twelve  or  fifteen  miles 
north  of  Quebec,  was  then  in  a  state  of  nature,  and  that  it  was 
with  difficulty  that  he  with  his  Indian  assistants  could  pene- 
trate that  inhospitable  region,  having  to  carry  provisions  for 
their  support  during  their  absence.  Mr.  Ware  ascended  the 
Montmorenci,  and  at  about  eleven  miles  from  Quebec  (as 
measured  on  the  sketch  of  his  route  accompanying  the  jour- 
nal) he  passed  a  mill-stream  on  the  right  bank,  and  at  thirteen 
miles  another  small  stream  on  the  same  side  of  the  river,  carry- 
ing a  mill,  (Priest's)  ;  at  fifteen  miles  one  of  the  main  branches 
of  the  river  diverges  to  the  left,  having  a  breadth  of  sixty  feet, 
and  a  course  nearly  north,  its  origin  being  among  the  moun- 
tains, in  close  proximity  to  the  source  of  the  Huron  branch  of 
the  St.  Charles,  the  two  streams  running  side  by  side  for  about 
five  miles,  within  one  mile  of  each  other.  This  stream  drains 
a  strip  of  country  equal  to  about  sixteen  square  miles.  At 
twenty-four  miles  from  Quebec,  according  to  the  sketch,  the 
Montmorenci  has  smooth  water  for  about  two  miles,  at  a  place 


called  the  "  Great  Fishery,"  where  the  immediate  banks  are 
low ;  but  the  mountains  are  near,  and  covered  with  mixed 
wood.  At  twenty-seven  miles,  near  the  head  of  another  great 
fishery,  where  the  water  is  smooth,  the  river  is  divided  into 
two  main  branches,  each  draining  a  country  about  twenty-eight 
miles  long,  by  six  or  seven  miles  wide.  Mr.  Ware  followed 
the  eastern  branch,  (Snow  River)  which  is  very  precipitous  in  its 
course,  originating  at  Snow  Lake,  twenty-one  miles  from  the 
Forks.  It  rises  in  that  distance,  according  to  his  daily  estimate 
of  the  inclination  of  the  stream,  about  sixteen  hundred  feet. 
The  country  on  each  side  of  this  part  of  the  river,  like  that  for 
twelve  miles  below  the  Forks,  was  greatly  broken  into  moun- 
tains, varying  from  nine  hundred  to  three  hundred  feet  in 
height,  the  highest  mountains  being  at  the  Forks.  At  the 
Forks  he  found  the  hard  wood  to  terminate.  Above,  the 
growth  consisted  of  small  spruce,  balsam  and  white  birch  ;  the 
moss  covering  everything  on  the  surface  of  the  country,  much 
ol  which  was  entirely  divested  of  the  soil.  At  eleven  miles  up 
Snow  River  he  passed  a  stream  coming  in  from  the  east, 
which  seemed  to  have  connection  with  a  large  lake,  discovered 
from  the  top  of  a  mountain,  about  three  miles  distant  from  the 
river.  This  stream  yielded  about  one-third  of  the  water  flow- 
ing in  Snow  River,  below  the  junction. 

While  at  Snow  Lake  on  the  12th  September,  he  remarks, 
that  it  rained  and  snowed  throughout  the  night,  and  on  the 
15th  September,  the  party  being  still  at  the  lake,  ice  was  formed 
in  their  drinking  cups.  The  Lake  is  about  seven  and  a  half 
miles  long,  ranging  nearly  north  and  south  ;  the  eastern  shore  is 
low,  while  the  western  is  covered  with  mountains,  rising  from 
three  hundred  to  six  hundred  feet.  Two  miles  north  of  the 
north  end  of  Snow  Lake,  which  point  he  designates  as  the 
source  of  Snow  River,  the  party  came  to  a  lake  two  miles  long 
and  three  quarters  of  a  mile  wide,  supposed  to  have  connection 
with  Mai  Bay  (Malbaie)  River. 

From  the  soMth  end  of  Snow  Lake  the  party  passed  across 
the  country  in  a  westerly  course  six  miles  to  the  west  and  main 
branch  of  the  Montmorenci,  the  timber  of  spruce,  balsam,  &c., 
and  of  the  worst  description,  varying  in  quality  according  to  the 
elevation  of  the  country.  At  about  three  miles  from  the  lake, 
a  small  branch  of  the  Montmorenci  was  crossed,  running 


north.  Some  other  minor  branches  were  afterwards  crossed, 
two  of  them  running  north,  another  south.  Reaching  the  main 
branch,  they  followed  down  its  winding  course  through  a 
swampy  district,  covered  chiefly  Avith  larch  wood  for  about 
two  miles,  when  their  route  was  directed  towards  the  south- 
west, across  the  country  to  the  head  waters  of  the  eastern 
branches  of  the  Saluriski  River ;  thence  following  near  the 
crest  of  the  eastern  watershed  of  that  river  for  fifteen  miles, 
until,  at  a  distance  varying,  as  estimated  on  the  sketch,  from 
two  to  four  miles  from  the  Montmorenci,  the  party  came  to  the 
source  of  the  Huron  branch  of  the  River  St.  Charles,  at  a  point 
twenty-three  or  twenty-four  miles  from  Quebec. 

The  lead  of  the  Huron  River  is  among  the  mountains,  and 
very  near  the  source  of  the  sixty  feet  branch  of  the  Montmo- 
renci, already  noticed.  The  Huron  here  descends  according 
to  estimate,  one  thousand  one  hundred  feet  in  a  distance  of 
two  and  a  half  miles,  following  the  bases  of  steep  and  lofty 
mountains,  covered  with  spruce  and  birch  timber.  Here 
occurred  another  severe  frost  on  the  21st  of  September.  From 
this  river  a  divergence  was  made  into  the  parallel  valley  of  the 
beforementioned  branch  of  the  Montmorenci,  and  following 
that  stream  the  party  soon  intersected  their  upward  track. 

From  this  condensed  account  of  the  river  region  traversed 
by  Mr.  "Ware,  we  are  to  infer  its  character  to  be  such  as  would 
be  likely  to  furnish  the  purest  of  water  ;  little  liable  to  be  ani- 
malized  with  visible  or  invisible  animalculEe,  or  become  very 
rapidly  unwholesome  by  stagnation.  The  very  great  descent 
of  the  streams,  so  httle  interrupted  by  smooth  or  gentle  cur- 
rents, makes  it  certain  that  the  water  would  arrive  in  the 
greatest  purity  at  the  points  where  it  would  be  taken  and  con- 
ducted by  an  aqueduct  to  the  city.  And  the  inhospitableness 
of  the  region,  made  so  by  the  extreme  barrenness  and  rough- 
ness of  its  surface,  would  forbid  its  being  used  to  any  extent 
for  agricultural  purposes. 

I  was  informed,  by  persons  who  knew  the  country  about  the 
sources  of  the  River  St.  Charles,  that  the  small  western  branch 
of  that  stream  had  its  rise  like  the  Huron,  and  wound  "Is  way 
like  that  river  among  the  mountains.  The  wesi  "\,  branch 
passes  through  Lake  Larron,  just  before  the  iunchja  at  or 
near  the  head  of  Lake  Charles.  Lake  Larron  is  said  to  be 
very  deep,  and  embosomed  in  the  mountains. 


Lake  Si.  Charles  is  a  very  long  lake,  divided  near  Ihe  middle 
by  narrows,  with  high  ground  on  the  west ;  the  eastern  shore 
for  an  extent  of  a  mile  or  two  is  comparatively  low  and  covered 
with  wood.  East  of  this  the  country  becomes  elevated,  and 
forms  a  portion  of  that  range  of  primitive  hills  which  Lieut. 
Baddely,  R.  E.,  has  descvibed  as  "  commencing  at  Cape 
Tourment,  thirty  miles  below  Quebec,  on  the  northern  shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  where  it  forms  a  conspicuous  dome-shaped 
headland,  trends  away  to  the  westward  in  a  series  of  consecu- 
tive mountains  and  valleys ;  the  former  holds  a  course  nearly 
parallel  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  preserving  an  average  dis- 
tance from  it  of  ten  or  twelve  miles.  Beyond  this  line  of 
demarkation  to  the  northward  for  many  miles,  no  *  land  of 
promise '  for  the  settler  is  met  with  ;  and  the  semi-civilized 
Indian  traverses  this  inhospitable  region,  in  the  pursuit  of  the 
moose  and  the  caribou,  consoled  by  the  reflection,  that  here, 
at  least  for  many  years  to  come,  his  wanderings  will  suft'er  little 
interruption  from  the  white  man. 

"  The  highest  of  this  range  is  consiaered  not  to  exceed  two 
thousand  feet  of  altitude  above  the  St.  Lawrence,  but  usually 
falls  much  short  of  it.  The  country  which  it  traverses  has 
been  explored,  but  by  no  individual  possessed  of  sufficient 
geological  knowledge  to  allow  him  to  describe  the  rocky 
masses  met  with,  in  language  sufficiently  scientific  to  be  intel- 
ligible to  the  initiated.  However,  an  examination  of  those 
ofT-spurs  and  boulders  which  lie  nearest  the  town,  has  led  those 
who  understand  the  subject,  to  infer,  that  granite,  granitic 
gneiss,  mica  slate,  (rarely) ;  syenite,  syenitic  gneiss,  home- 
blende  slate,  and  primary  greenstone,  are  the  species  of  rocks 
which  most  prevail."     Picture  of  Quebec^  p.  444. 

The  upper  part  of  Lake  St.  Charles  is  said  to  have  a  depth 
of  onj  hundred  feet  j  its  western  shore  is  rocky,  with  deep 
water,  while  the  eastern  has  shoaler  water  with  a  sandy  bot- 
tom. The  lower  division  varies  in  depth  from  ten  to  twenty 
feet,  excluding  the  shoal  parts  near  the  shore.  The  bottom  is 
composed  of  sand  and  mud  ;  the  latter  an  extremely  fine  sand, 
probably  the  finer  part  of  the  debris  of  the  primitive  district 
above,  which  has  been  brought  through  the  upper  division  of 
the  lake  daring  floods,  and  before  reaching  the  quick  water  at 
the  outlet,  has  been  deposited  where  it  is  now  found.     Should 


the  flood  water,  as  it  flows  through  the  lake,  act  upon  this  sedi- 
ment, it  would  be  conveyed  down  the  River  St.  Charles,  and  be 
n  source  of  annoyance  by  being  carried  through  the  aqueduct 
to  the  city,  were  there  not  a  subsiding  reservoir  to  arrest  it, 
constructed  at  Lorette,  or  some  other  point,  where  the  supply 
might  be  taken.  The  east  side  of  the  lower  division  of  the  lake 
is  said  to  be  bounded  by  a  rocky  or  hard  shore,  except  about 
half  a  mile  next  above  the  outlet,  wliere  there  is  an  extensive 
swamp  running  back  to  the  foot  of  the  high  land,  about  two 
miles  distant.  The  west  shore  of  the  lake,  below  the  narrows, 
was  represented  to  be  high,  Avith  the  exception  of  a  patch  of 
hard  bottom  land,  about  one  quarter  of  a  mile  wide  from  the 
lake,  at  the  Inn,  Avhich  is  annually  flooded  to  the  depth  of  six  or 
seven  feet,  as  is  the  swamp  on  the  opposite  shore  of  the  lake, 
for  a  short  time  during  the  freshets  in  the  spring  of  the  year. 

The  ice  of  the  feeders  of  this  lake  does  not  float  down  in 
floods,  but  is  dissolved  in  place  by  the  warmth  of  the  water 
and  sun ;  neither  has  the  water  the  power  to  break  up  and 
force  down  the  outlet  of  the  lake  the  ice  formed  in  the  lake 
itself.  We  have,  therefore,  nothing  to  fear  from  the  action  of 
ice  on  any  artificial  works  to  be  erected  at  the  head  of  the 
aqueduct. 

The  west  shore  of  this  lake  has  been  occupied  many  years, 
and  there  can  be  enumerated  now,  within  two  ranges  of  lots, 
thirty-eight  families. 

On  my  visit  to  the  place  our  route  lay  along  a  road  which 
crossed  the  outlet  where  the  bottom  land  was  about  a  mile 
wide.  The  river,  at  that  point,  had  a  velocity  of  about  one 
mile  an  hour,  and  a  level  of  about  seven  feet  below  the  surface 
of  the  roiid  and  bordering  forest.  Ttiis  low  ground,  which 
extends,  perhaps  with  some  interruptions  of  high  ground,  to 
the  head  of  the  rapids  at  liorette,  is  periodically  flooded,  like 
the  swamp  on  the  lake.  The  course  of  this  part  of  the  river  is 
very  serpentine.  A  distance  of  seven  miles  by  this  course  is 
said  to  be  three  miles  longer  than  a  straight  line.  The  velocity 
of  the  cTirrent  here  is  such  tiiat  a  canoe  left  to  itself  would 
float  down  the  seven  miles  in  about  five  hours.  There  are  but 
few  shallows  where  ihe  water  is  reduced  in  depth  to  one  and  n 
half  or  two  feet ;  and  the  width  varies  from  eighty  to  one 
hundred  feet.     The  fall  is  so  little,  according  to  the  repre- 


9 


It 


sentction  of  others,  that  a  dam  could  be  made  at  Lorette,  which 
would  flow  the  lake  and  turn  it  into  an  immense  reservoir, 
from  Avhich  any  deficiency  could  be  supplied  in  the  natural 
flow  of  the  river  during  an  extreme  drought  in  summer,  or, 
what  is  more  likely  to  happen,  a  prolonged  frost  in  the  winter. 
Instead  of  building  a  high  dam  at  Lorette,  the  same  effect 
would  be  produced  by  deepening  the  shoaler  parts  of  the 
intermediate  portions  of  the  river.  But  this  would  not  be  so 
desirable  a  course  to  pursue  as  the  other,  on  account  of  the 
greater  liability  of  having  the  water  made  turbid  by  abra- 
sions from  the  banks  of  the  stream  between  the  lake  and 
dam.  A  high  dam  would  tend  to  remedy  such  a  result  by 
causing  a  diminished  current ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  bor- 
dering low  ground  would  be  flooded  oftener,  and  to  a  greater 
depth. 

Between  Lake  St.  Charles  and  the  above-mentioned  road  the 
River  Jaune,  a  large  tributary  of  the  River  St.  Charles,  enters 
from  the  north,  having  a  developed  course,  including  the  two 
main  branches,  of  about  thirteen  miles.  On  this  tributary  are 
located  three  lakes.  Lake  Beauport,  Segamite,  and  St.  Sebas- 
tian. The  first  is  the  largest,  and  distant  four  or  five  miles 
north-east  of  Lake  St.  Charles. 

There  is  another  stream  that  rises  about  two  miles  west  of 
Lake  Larron,  from  whence  it  loweeps  round  towards  the  west, 
returning  into  the  St.  Charles,  after  a  course  of  some  ten  miles, 
not  far  above  Freeman's  dam,  at  Indian  Lorette. 

On  the  12th  of  August,  I  examined  the  lake  water  taken  np 
in  a  boat  from  the  middle  of  the  lake ;  its  color  was  of  the 
purest  white,  and  perfectly  sweet  to  the  taste  ;  but  when  the 
river  water  was  examined  at  Lorette,  after  a  few  rainy  days 
that  followed  a  long  season  of  dry  weather,  it  had  a  slight 
tinge  of  yellow,  like  bog  water,  with  a  taste  a  little  astringent, 
but  such  as  to  be  scarcely  discernible.  It  was  stated  by  the 
inhabitants  at  the  inn,  that  the  lake  water  has  at  times  a  yel- 
low or  reddish  color,  caused  probably  by  bog  water,  or  the 
wash  of  the  swamps. 

A  sample  of  thr  Montmorenci  water,  (No.  1  of  the  Analysis, 
given  in  Appendix  A,)  taken  up  on  the  11th  of  August,  at 
Mr.  Patterson's  dam,  top  of  the  Great  Falls  of  Montmorenci, 
was  as  white,  sparkling,  and  as  free  from  all  bad  taste  as  that 


i  : 

V 


.  i; 


10 


of  Lake  St.  Charles,  (No.  2  of  the  Analysis,)  but  apparently 
many  degrees  colder. 

Another  sample  of  the  Montmorenci  water  was  taken  up  on 
the  8th  of  September,  at  a  point  about  a  mile  above  the  Three 
Falls ;  the  river  having  been  affected  by  some  six  days  of  rain 
that  intervened  between  the  11th  of  Ai:gust  and  8th  of  Septem- 
ber. This  sample  (No.  4)  had  a  higher  color  of  the  bog,  or 
swamp,  than  any  one  of  the  nine  samples  left  with  Professor 
Siliiman,  for  analysis. 

Sample  No.  5,  taken  up  September  24th,  at  Mr.  Patterson's 
Bridge,  at  the  head  of  the  Great  Falls,  was  a  large  one  of 
about  two  and  a  half  gallons,  it  was  much  less  tinged  by  the 
bog  than  No.  4. 

A  large  sample.  No.  6,  two  and  a  half  gallons,  was  obtained 
at  the  east  end  of  Freeman's  Dam,  at  the  head  of  the  Rapids  at 
Indian  Lorette,  where  it  is  proposed  to  tap  the  river  for  supply- 
ing the  aqueduct.  This  sample  was  very  nearly  of  the  same 
tint  of  sample  No.  5.  In  taking  this  up  it  was  observed  that 
there  were  numerous  white  particles  carried  along  in  the 
stream,  both  upon  and  below  its  surface ;  I  took  these  particles 
to  be  sawdust,  and  as  they  could  be  seen  before  they  reached 
the  mouth  of  the  bottle,  most  of  them  were  avoided  in  taking 
up  the  water. 

In  all  these  samples,  from  No.  1  to  No.  6,  inclusive,  with 
the  exception  of  the  sawdust,  there  was  scarcely  a  particle 
having  the  character  of  sand  or  mud,  to  be  detected  by  the 
naked  eye.  They  were  all  perfectly  translucent,  and  only 
tinted  yellow,  as  before  mentioned.  Frequent  analyses  of  the 
bog  or  peat  water  have  of  late  been  made  by  the  most  expe- 
rienced chemists  and  physicians  of  the  United  States,  and  they 
all  assert  the  harmlessness  of  these  colorer'  waters. 

As  to  the  sufficiency  of  the  St.  Charles  and  Montmorenci, 
independently,  yielding  at  all  times  a  full  supply  of  water 
for  any  probable  increase  of  the  city  for  fifty  years  to  come, 
after  what  I  have  seen  and  learnt  from  reputable  persons, 
concerning  the  flow  of  these  rivers,  I  have  no  doubt.  The 
Montmorenci  is  the  largest  of  the  two  rivers.  In  comparison 
with  the  St.  Charles  it  bears  more  the  character  of  a  mountain 
torrent,  suddenly  raised  to  its  maximum,  and  as  quickly 
reduced  to  its  minunum  discharge,  but  probably  furnishing 


11 


more  water  at  all  times.  The  St.  Charles,  on  the  contrary,  (if 
we  confine  the  remark  to  that  division  of  the  river  below  Lake 
St.  Charles,)  has  considerable  constancy,  and  does  not,  in  the 
greatest  freshets,  rise  more  than  about  eight  feet  at  the  Lake, 
and  probably  not  more  than  three  or  four  feet  on  the  dam  at 
Lorette.  I  was  so  well  satisfied  as  to  the  capability  of  either 
of  the  two  streams  to  supply  a  population  of  100,000,  or  even 
200,000,  that  I  took  no  particular  pains  to  measure  their  dis- 
charges. I  roughly  estimated,  however,  that  of  the  Mont- 
morenci,  when  it  was  first  visited,  on  the  11th  of  August ; 
at  which  time  it  was  stated  to  be,  by  those  who  well  knew  the 
river,  very  nearly  at  its  lowest  stage.  The  discharge  tlien 
must  have  been  equal  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  cubic  feet  — 
perhaps  two  hundred  cubic  feet  —  per  second.  The  discharge 
of  the  St.  Charles,  at  Indian  Lorette  was  probably  about  two- 
thirds  as  much  at  that  time. 


PRESENT    AND   PROSPECTIVE    WANT    OF    WATER   FOR   THE    CITY. 


The  quantity  of  water  the  aqueduct  is  to  furnish  is  a  point  to 
be  settled  before  going  far  into  the  details  of  the  work,  as  the 
size  of  the  conduit  conveying  the  water  from  the  source  in  the 
cormtry  or  other  point  of  supply,  is  dependent  upon  it.  In  the 
present  case  I  have  fixed  the  supply  at  480,000  cubic  feet  per 
day  of  twenty-four  hours,  equal  to  5.55  cubic  feet  per  second, 
assuming  for  the  purpose  the  number  of  inhabitants  eventually 
to  be  supplied,  at  100,000  —  and  that  each  individual,  man, 
woman  and  child  should  require  thirty  imperial  gallons,  or  4.8 
cubic  feet  a  day.  But  it  is  not  to  be  understood  that  this  is  the 
exact  quantity  each  individual  would  receive  in  practice.  This 
is  only  an  average  of  what  would  be  used  by  the  different 
tenants.  Some  families  would  not  receive  more  than  two- 
thirds,  others  not  more  than  one-third  of  thin  average  rate; 
while  manufactories,  and  other  establishments  of  the  kind, 
would  take  more  or  less,  according  to  the  nature  of  their  busi- 
ness ;  as  will  appear  by  examining  the  table  given  in  Ap- 
pendix B,  which  with  the  other  tables,  C,  D,  E,  of  the 
statistics  of  the  Fairmount  and  other  Water  Works,  have 
been   compiled    from    annual    reports,  parliamentary    docu- 


12 


ments,  and  other  authentic  sources.  The  table  alluded  to, 
shows  the  range  of  supply  to  a  tenant  at  Philadelphia  to  be 
great,  the  rates  there,  varying  from  $100  to  $150,  and  in  one 
instance  reaching  $750  per  annum ;  the  quantity  of  water 
varying  probably  in  the  same  ratio.  In  that  city,  where  the 
water  is  profusely  used  for  cleansing  the  sidewalks  and  streets, 
the  average  daily  consumption  for  ten  years  from  1834  to  1844, 
was  178  imperial  gallons  per  tenant.  (See  Appendix  E).  In 
London,  the  five  water  companies  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Thames  (see  Appendix  D)  delivered  173.4  gallons  to  each 
tenant  in  1820,  and  in  1827  supplied  172.3  gallons ;  and  the 
whole  eight  companies  (on  both  sides  the  river)  delivered  in 
1827,  163.2  gallons  per  twenty-four  hours  to  each  tenant. 
We  may  therefore,  conclude,  that  150  gallons  to  a  tenant,  or 
to  each  five  individuals  of  the  population,  would  be  a  proper 
supply,  if  we  make  all  suitable  allowance  for  the  difference  in 
climate  between  the  places  cited  and  Quebec ;  and  also  the 
difference  there  probably  would  be  in  the  use  of  the  water 
for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Having  settled  the  unit  of  s'upply  for  an  inhabitant,  we  have 
still  to  consider  the  aggregate  quantity  the  works  should  be 
capable  of  supplying,  without  exceeding  the  present  or  pros- 
pective wants  of  the  city.  This  question  would  be  settled  at 
once,  were  it  proper  to  base  it  on  the  present  population  ;  but 
common  prudence  demands  that  we  should  look  beyond  the 
immediate  Avants  of  the  city,  on  a  subject  which  requires  at 
any  rate  a  very  large  expenditure,  and  to  see,  if  a  very  small 
addition  to  the  capital  to  be  invested  in  the  works,  will  not 
provide  for  a  very  material  increase  of  the  city  r  and  perhaps 
be  a  primary  cause  in  such  increase,  by  the  facilities  and  com- 
fort its  results  would  offer  to  settlers.  All  estimates  show  that 
a  very  considerable  addition  to  the  supply  of  water  by  an 
aqueduct,  may  be  obtained  by  a  very  small  addition  to  the 
money  expended ;  for  many  of  the  details  of  that  part  of  the 
water  work  connected  with  the  introduction  of  the  water  into 
the  city  for  distribution,  would  be  common  to  a  small  or  large 
supply.  The  item  which  would  be  the  most  affected,  belong- 
ing to  this  part  of  the  work,  supposing  the  water  to  be  brought 
from  a  distance,  is  the  conduit  that  is  to  convey  it,  and  the  cost 
of  this  is  but  slowly  augmented  as  the  quantity  of  water  is 


13 


increased.  The  other  expenses  of  this  part  of  the  work  (such 
as  the  dam,  reservoirs  and  their  appendages,  bridges,  culverts, 
and  damages)  are  raised  little  if  at  all,  by  increasing  the  size  of 
the  conduit. 

It  is  usual,  on  these  accounts,  to  provide  for  years  to  come. 
And  I  have,  therefore,  assumed  the  population  eventually  to  be 
supplied,  to  be  one  hundred  thousand. 

According  to  the  Statistics  of  Quebec,  furnished  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Hamel,  City  Surveyor,  the  population  of  the  several 
wards  was,  in  1842  and  1847,  as  stated  in  the  following  table. 
The  entries  under  the  head  1842  were  taken  from  the  census ; 
those  under  1847  were  taken  from  the  assessment  books. 


Wards. 

184' 
Population. 

2. 

Families. 

1             1847. 

Population.  IF.mileis. 

St.  Lewis       .... 

Palace 

Ctiamplain      .... 
St.  Peter's          .... 
St.  Roch's      .... 
St.  John's          .... 

Total 

2,797 
2,282 
3,733 
3,624 
10,850 
8.715 

328 
248 
531 
705 
2,081 
1,639 

'      2,634 
;     3,071 
1      4,330 
4,916 
12,665 
I      3,539 

310 
3G0 
610 
803 
2,510 
1,510 

32,001 

5,532 

36,155 

6,103 

Besides  this  table,  the  Quebec  Guide  for  1844,  states  the 
population  of  the  several  wards,  seminary,  convents,  &c.  (ap- 
parently obtained  from  a  census  taken  that  year,)  to  be,  exclu- 
sive of  Banlieus,  ....  32,876 
Banlieus  being  .....  2,797 
And  the  whole  county  of  Quebec,  per  same  census,  45,676 
Using  the  numbers  given  here  for  the  population  of  the 
city  wards,  we  find  the  increase  and  the  compound  ratio  of 
increase  to  be  as  follows : 

Increase  in  5  years,  from  1842  to  1847  =  4,154,  and  the  com- 
pound ratio  of  increase  =  2.47  per  ct.  per  annum. 
Increase  in  2  years  from  1844  to  1847  =  3,279,  and  the  com- 
pound ratio  of  increase  =  4.87  per  cent,  per  annum. 
Now  computing  on  the  present  population,  by  the  first  ratio 
of  increase,  we  find  there  would  be  at  the  end  o^  41.7  years  a 
population  of  100,000  souls.     But  using  the  second  ratio  of 
increase,  viz.  4.87  per  cent,  per  annum,  there  would  be  100,000 
inhabitants  at  the  expiration  of  21.4  years  from  the  year  1847. 
Should  we  go  back  to  the  year  of  capitulation,  1759,  eighty- 
eight  years  ago,  when  the  population  was  6,700,  we  should 


14 


find  the  increase  by  the  same  rule  to  have  been  about  2  per 
cent,  per  annum ;  and  if  the  city  should  not  increase  in  a  more 
rapid  rate,  we  should  have  to  anticipate  51^  years  before  the 
entire  capacity  of  the  conduit  v\?ould  be  put  in  requisition. 
But  there  is  little  to  apprehend,  that  the  rate  of  increase  will  be 
so  low  as  that  suggested  in  the  last  case,  for  many  years  to 
come.  T!ie  prospect  is  the  reverse,  a  much  higher  rale  than 
either  the  first  or  last  case  exhibits  may  be  fairly  inferred,  im- 
der  the  influence  of  the  modern  mode  of  communication  by 
railroads.  The  railroads  to  New  Brunswick  and  the  United 
States,  if  completed  will  much  augment  the  ratio  of  increase  ; 
the  probability  is,  that  the  anticipation  of  the  completion  of 
the  railroads  alone  has  had  a  very  material  effect  already  on 
the  population  of  the  city,  accounting,  in  part,  for  the  excess 
in  the  ratio  of  increase  for  the  last  two  yearso  I  think  these 
facts  warrant  the  assumption  that  there  would  be  a  population 
of  100,000  at  the  expiration  of  thirty  years  from  this  time. 

Allowing  the  result  to  be  as  stated,  the  question  may  be 
asked,  will  the  whole  population  take  the  water  at  the  expira- 
tion of  that  time  ?  It  is  found  that  the  city  proper  of  Philadel- 
phia, (excluding  the  Districts)  furnish  a  tenant  to  the  water- 
works for  each  7*  of  its  population.*  A  '*  tenant,"  therefore,  in 
that  city,  is  synonymous  to  7J  indiv:  aals  —  which  is  46§  per 
cent,  more  than  we  have  allowed,  in  considering  a  tenant  at 
Quebec  equal  to  5  individuals.  But  we  suppose  there  would 
be  a  greater  portion  of  the  population  in  Quebec  —  indeed, 
very  nearly  all  —  who  would  pay  for  pure  water,  because  it  is 
impossible  to  procure  it  by  wells,  or  other  sources,  at  a  cheaper 
rate.  Nevertheless,  should  this  not  be  the  case,  there  is  a 
reason  for  providing  a  full  supply  in  the  necessity  for  the 
extra  quantity  of  water,  which  the  pipe  should  be  capable  of 
delivering  during  a  hot  season.  This  is  plainly  p^ucidated  by 
the  Fairmount  Water  Statistics,  given  in  the  Appendix  ;  and 
also  in  a  letter  from  Frederick  Graff",  Esq.  the  Superintendent 
of  the  Fairmount  Water  Works,  to  a  member  of  the  Boston 
Water  Commission,  for  1845.  In  this  letter  he  states :  "  In  one 
week  of  hot,  dry  weather,  from  August  6th  to  13th,  this  year,'' 
(1845)    "  we  pumped  5,116,674  gallons,  supplied  to  20,399 

*  J.  B.  Jarvis  aiul  W.  11.  Johnson's  Ikpurt  on  Supply  of  Pure  Water  for  Uie  City  of 
iJiwlon.    p  112. 


15 


tenants,  which  is  for  each  nearly  251  gallons."  (ale.)  "  This 
quantity  should  be  calculated  for  at  Boston,  to  cover  with  cer- 
tainty all  incidents  that  may  occur,  either  by  means  of  dry 
weather,  great  consumptions  for  fires,  or  carelessness  in  the 
distribution ;  28,082  tenants,  the  first  six  months  in  1844, 
used,  per  average,  162  gallons,"  (ale)  "  each  tenant ;  20,399  * 
tenants,  the  first  six  months  in  1845,  used  187  gallons  each  — 
which  makes  an  excess  of  water  used  this  year  by  each  tenant, 
per  day,  over  the  consumption  of  last  year,  of  25  gallons. 
The  excess,  I  think,  has  been  produced  by  the  dry  weather 
and  excessive  heat,  together  with  more  frequent  bathing,  and 
v.rashing  the  streets."  —  Here  we  have,  from  undeniable  author- 
ity, both  the  amount  of  water  used  in  hot  weather,  and  the 
advice  to  provide  for  such  excess  in  the  erection  of  water 
works.  Taking  the  quantity  he  gives,  turned  into  imperial 
measure,  (^55  gallons)  and  comparing  it  with  the  average 
quantity  we  have  already  given  as  used  in  that  city,  for  ten 
years  following  1834,  viz.,  178  gallons,  we  find  there  must  be 
provided  for,  an  excess  of  supply,  43.26  per  cent,  more  than  the 
average  demand,  which  nearly  compensates  for  the  difference 
between  taking  5  instead  of  7J  individuals  of  the  gross  popula- 
tion, as  constituting  a  tenant.  These  considerations,  we  think, 
justify  us  in  fixing  480,000  cubic  feet,  or  3,000,000  imperial 
gallons  of  water  a  day,  as  the  proper  quantity  to  be  contem- 
plated, in  giving  dimensions  to  the  derails  of  the  work.  The 
amount  is  probably  as  large  as  the  circimstances  of  the  case 
warrant. 

The  quantity  of  water  taken  from  the  St.  Charles  and  St. 
Lawrence  Rivers,  both  in  winter  and  summer  for  the  supply 
of  families,  and  its  quality,  may  now  be  stated  : 

St.  Lewis  Ward  3,061,600  gallons  per  annum. 


Palace 
Champlain 
St.  Peter's 
Si.  Roch's 
St.  John's 


(( 


« 


(( 


(( 


(( 


2,579,200 
1,268,800 
3,340,480 
9,689,600 
683,120 


(( 


u 


(( 


(( 


(( 


(( 


(( 


(( 


(( 


(( 


(( 


(( 


(( 


(( 


Total  annual  consumption      20,622,800 


(( 


(( 


(( 


*  This  number  was  partly  assumed  by  Mr.  Grafl",  as  ho  slates  in  his  letter.  The 
aumber  for  the  whole  year  app«jar8  in  the  annual  report  to  be  20,165.  See  Table  E, 
in  Appendix. 


16 


This  supply  in  1847  was  equal  to  a  daily  consumption  by 
each  family  of  92.58  gallons.  The  water  is  nearly  all  taken  up 
in  the  course  of  a  few  hours  while  the  tide  is  out,  and  the  St. 
Charles  has  discharged  most  of  its  tide  water,  and  the  later 
it  is  taken  up  (before  the  return  of  the  tide)  the  purer  and 
better  is  the  water  esteemed  ;  and  it  is  at  such  times  that  the 
drinking  water  is  secured  for  families  who  are  particular  to 
have  the  best. 

The  places  usually  resorted  to  by  the  water-carriers  to  pro- 
cure their  supply,  are  as  follows  : 

At  the  site  of  the  old  Dorchester  Bridge,  north  of  the  Marine 
Hospital,  which  is  the  highest  place  on  ihe  St.  Charles,  except 
St.  Ours  street,  at  the  General  Hospital,  where  the  water-car- 
riers, in  any  considerable  number,  go  for  their  water.  This 
locality  is  considered  the  best  for  table  use. 

The  second  place  next  below  is  the  landing  at  the  foot  of 
Crown  street. 

The  third  place  in  order,  following  down  the  city  side  of  the 
St.  Charles,  is  at  the  foot  of  Ann  street,  just  above  the  present 
Dorchester  Bridge  ;  here  a  very  large  portion  of  the  water  is 
taken  up,  most  of  it  ior  St.  Roch's  Ward,  but  much  also  is 
conveyed  to  the  higher  parts  of  the  city. 

The  fourth  place  in  order  is  near  St.  Paul's  Market,  at  the 
landing  place  on  Light-house  Wharf,  where  the  Gas  Company 
are  now  establishing  their  Avorks. 

The  fifth  principal  place  is  at  the  Market  Landing  in  St. 
Peter's  ward,  in  the  Lower  Town. 

The  sixth  point  is  on  the  beach,  called  Cul  de  Sac,  at  the 
north  end  of  Champlain  Ward.  Both  this  and  the  fifth  locality 
furnish  water,  which  may  be  considered  as  properly  belonging 
to  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  The  water  at  all  the  other  points, 
if  taken  up  at  extreme  low  water,  or  just  before  the  return 
of  the  tide,  may  with  propriety  be  called  St.  Charles  water ; 
but  it  still  may  contain  a  small  portion  of  water  that  originally 
descended  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  consequently  may  contain  a 
portion  of  the  impurities  which  the  .flood  tide  carried  up  the 
river,  from  the  outlet  of  the  sewers  and  other  sources  of  filth. 

The  interesting  and  valuable  analysis  of  the  Quebec  waters 
by  Professor  Silliman,  with  the  curious  if  not  useful  report  of 
Professor  Baily,  of  West  Point  Military  Academy,   on  the 


17 


microscopic  contents  of  the  same  waters,  (see  Appendix  A) 
show  them  to  be  very  pure.  The  samples  for  analysis  were 
taken  up  with  every  precaution  to  obtain  them  free  from  acci- 
dental impurities.  They  are,  in  my  opinion,  greatly  liable  to 
such  impurities,  and  particularly  so  at  the  time  when  it  is  usual 
for  the  carters,  with  their  horses  and  water  barrels,  to  resort  to 
the  several  watering  places,  entering  pellmell  into  the  shallow 
water,  lading  and  filling  their  barrels  with  all  possible  despatch, 
regardless  perhaps  of  what  tiieir  buckets  may  contain. 

To  show  that  on  such  occasions,  noxious,  offensive,  and  even 
poisonous  impurities  may  be  inoffensively  taken  up,  and  con- 
veyed for  domestic  uses,  we  have  only  to  allude  to  the  fact, 
that  the  common  sewers  charged  with  the  debris  of  houses  and 
cesspools,  or  private  vaults,  and  the  poisonous  waste  of  manu- 
factories, do  discharge  into  the  St.  Charles  or  the  St.  Lawrence 
Rivers  ;  three  or  four  of  the  principal  ones  having  their 
debouche  at  the  very  points  where  the  water  is  procured  by  the 
carriers. 

Three  of  the  Quebec  waters,  analyzed  by  Professor  Silliman, 
were  taken  up  at  the  above  specified  watering  places,  (see 
Appendix  A)  viz. : 

Sample  No.  7.  Water  taken  up  at  the  site  of  the  Old  Dor- 
chester Bridge,  at  2\  P.  M.,  Sept.  25,  1847,  just  before  the 
return  of  the  tide  to  that  place,  the  water  still  running  out. 
Bottles  filled  from  the  stream  at  a  distance  from  the  shore. 

Sample  No.  8.  Taken  up  at  low  tide,  Sept.  27,  at  3^  P.  M., 
at  the  foot  of  Ann  street,  St.  Roch's  Ward,  at  a  place  away 
from  the  shore  where  the  carriers  take  their  supply  —  the  water 
at  the  point  being  from  12  to  14  inches  deep  —  wind  fresh  up 
the  St.  Charles,  which  made  the  water  quite  turbid. 

Sample  No.  9.  Taken  at  the  Cul  de  Sac,  Champlain  Ward, 
within  one  hour  after  Sample  No.  8  was  taken  up.  The  wind 
still  blowing  quite  a  breeze  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  into  the 
Sac,  rendering  the  water  turbid  for  some  considerable  distance 
from  the  shore.  Not  being  able  to  procure  a  sample  sufii- 
ciently  pure  from  the  beach,  took  one  from  a  carrier's  barrel, 
who  had,  at  our  request,  taken  up  his  supply  as  far  out  as  pos- 
sible into  the  river,  still  the  sample  was  quite  turbid. 

It  may  be  well  to  observe  here,  that  the  sediment  deposited 
in  the  bottles  containing  the  different  specimens  of  water,  waa 

3     . 


II 


,1 


Hi 


18 


excluded  from  the  analysis,  as  Professor  Silliman  has  informed 
me  since  the  receipt  of  the  report,  because  in  fact  they  formed 
"  n.>  part  of  the  proper  contents  of  the  waters."  It  was 
observed  when  the  specimens  were  taken  from  the  bottles  for 
Professor  Bailey,  that  the  original  turbidness  of  the  water 
could  not  be  reproduced  by  any  ordinary  agitation  of  the  bot- 
tles ;  the  sediment  having  agglutinated  itself  into  little  clots 
that  would  not  redissolve. 

All  the  bottles,  thirty-three  in  number,  containing  the  nine 
samples  of  Quebec  waters,  were  new,  and  were  all  furnished 
with  well  ground  glass  stoppers ;  and  on  taking  up  the  samples 
the  bottles  were  always  thoroughly  rinsed  in  the  water  of  the 
locality.  They  were  afterwards  kept  secure  with  leather  tied 
over  the  stoppers,  and  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  were  kept 
stopped  until  their  delivery  into  the  possession  of  Professor 
Silliman,  excepting,  however,  the  opening  of  nine  bottles  for 
the  small  specimens  left  with  Professor  Bailey,  who  had  the 
kindness  to  consent  to  examine  them  for  animalculae,  &c., 
under  his  powerful  microscope. 

The  quality  of  the  water  of  the  city  wells  is  very  inferior, 
and  therefore  many  of  the  families  buy  their  supply  of  the 
water-carriers,  paying  various  prices,  according  to  the  quantity 
and  distance  it  has  to  be  conveyed  ;  ordinarily  at  the  rate  of 
about  ^7.50  a  year  per  one  hundred  imperial  gallons,  for  a 
family  of  five  individuals.  It  is  estimated  that  five-eighths  of 
the  population  use  snow  water  in  the  winter,  and  river  water 
in  the  summer  season.  Some  of  the  more  opulent  families  in 
St.  Lewis  and  Palace  Wards,  pay  from  thirty  to  forty  dollars 
per  annum  for  river  water,  notwithstanding  they  have  wells  on 
their  estates,  the  water  of  which  is  used  for  washing  dishes, 
and  other  culinary  purposes.  The  stables  in  the  same  wards 
use  large  quantities  of  river  water.  One  of  them  I  understood 
kept  a  man  and  team  employed  almost  all  the  time  bringing 
water  for  the  establishment.  I  was  informed  by  a  gentleman 
residing  in  St.  Roch's  Ward,  not  fi.r  from  the  watering  place 
at  the  foot  of  Ann  street,  that  he  purchased  for  his  family  of 
nine  persons,  three  barrels  a  week  from  the  carriers,  and  paid 
them  at  the  rate  of  $15.60  a  year. 

There  are  about   112  water-carriers,  each  owning  a  team 
valued  at  fifty  dollars. 


19 


The  quantity  of  water  consumed  by  the  military  depends 
upon  the  strength  of  the  garrison  ;  they  now  use  the  river 
water  only  for  washing  clothes  ;  they  have  a  large  cistern  and 
some  wells  within  their  inclosures,  and  these  furnish  the 
remainder  of  water  which  they  require  for  culinary  and  other 
purposes.  But  should  the  Water  Works  go  into  operation, 
the  different  military  establishments  would  become,  no  doubt, 
large  consumers. 

The  wells  of  the  higher  portions  of  the  city  are  sunk  in  the 
clay  slate  rock,  which  is  thinly  covered  with  earth,  and  conse- 
quently the  water  is  very  impure,  having  much  the  character 
of  surface  water,  there  being  no  depth  of  soil  to  purify  it  by  ^ 
filtration  before  it  enters  the  wells. 


^(, 


LORETTE  LINE  OF  AQUEDUCT. 


It  is  proposed  to  take  the  water  for  this  line  from  the  River 
St.  Charles  at  Freeman's  Tannery  Dam,  at  the  head  of  the 
rapids,  thirty  chains  above  the  church  at  the  Indian  village  of 
Lorette ;  assuming  the  level  of  still  water  above  the  dam  as  it 
was  found  at  the  time  the  survey  was  made,  to  be  that,  to  be 
maintained  as  the  fountain  head  of  the  Aqueduct.  The  works 
which  are  proposed  here  are  a  Dam,  Receiving  Well,  Conduits 
in  masonry,  a  Reservoir  of  Subsidence  and  its  appendages, 
consisting  of  a  Wasteway,  Culverts  and  Well,  for  regulating, 
straining  and  directing  the  water  to  the  cast  iron  pipe  leading 
to  the  distributing  reservoir  in  the  city. 

The  dam  would  be  placed  at  right  angles  with  the  general 
course  of  the  river  at  this  place,  and  located  just  below  the 
present  dam.  The  body  of  the  work  to  be  constructed  of 
stone,  with  a  water  stop  of  brick  placed  as  a  facing  against  the 
up  river  side  of  the  stone  work,  the  top  or  exposed  part  of  the 
stone  and  all  the  brick  work  to  be  laid  with  hydrauUc  cement, 
sinking  the  foundation  six  feet  below  the  bottom  of  the  river. 
A  strong  abutment  wall  on  the  left  bank  will  extend  up  and 
down  the  river  a  suitable  distance,  to  guard  against  abrasions  by 
the  water,  and  at  the  same  time  to  form  a  head  to  a  cylindrical 
conduit  of  hydraulic  brick  work,  designed  for  conveying  the 
water  to  a  Receiving  Well,  placed  about  fifty  feet  in  the  rear, 


20 


r 


measuring  at  right  angles  with  the  face  of  the  wall  or  general 
course  of  the  river.  The  dam  would  have  a  sluice  near  the 
right  bank,  where  the  water  for  the  tannery  could  be  dis- 
charged. From  the  Receiving  Well  it  is  proposed  to  convey 
the  water  to  the  Subsiding  Reservoir,  by  a  covered  Conduit  in 
masonry  about  four  hundred  feet  long,  laid  parallel  to  the 
river.  The  Receiving  Well  would  be  furnished  with  strainer 
and  regulating  gate,  and  enclosed  by  a  circular  building  in 
brick  work,  to  protect  it  from  intrusion  and  frosts. 

The  Subsiding  Reservoir,  represented  on  the  profile  of  the 
line  (No.  2),  would  extend  about  six  hundred  feet  along  the 
line  of  survey,  being  divided  by  it  very  nearly  into  two  equal 
'parts.  The  high  embankment  forming  its  southeastern,  or 
lower  boundary,  would  intersect  the  surveyed  line  in  the 
meadow  at  Station  118,  and  occupy  the  space  between  the 
Indian  Chiefs  lane  and  the  river.  The  east  embankment 
would  follow  the  lane,  and  the  west  the  river,  both  extending 
to  the  high  ground  at  the  north  side  of  the  Reservoir.  About 
three  quarters  of  the  area  enclosed  by  the  embankments  would 
be  cutting,  calling  the  bottom  of  this  part  of  the  Reservoir  eight 
feet  under  the  level  of  high  water,  or  eight  feet  below  Station 
120  or  still  water  of  the  river  above  the  dam.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  earth  to  be  removed  would  be  sufficient  to  form  the 
surrounding  embankment.  At  the  north-wt^t  corner  of  the 
Reservoir  would  be  the  most  suitable  place  for  an  uncovered  or 
open  Waste  weir,  unless  one  could  be  formed,  in  combination 
with  the  Pipe  or  Regulating  Well  and  Culverts,  to  be  inserted 
in  the  high  embankment  at  Station  118,  or  at  the  south-eastern 
angle  of  the  Reservoir.  The  dimensions  and  capacity  of  this 
Reservoir  would  be  as  follows  : 

Superficial  area  at  high  water  level,  240,486  square  feet,  or 
5.52  statute  acres. 

Superficial  area  at  low  water  level,  210,390  square  feet,  or 
4.83  statute  acres. 
Cubic  contents  between  high  and  low 

water  levels,         ....         1,803,504  cubic  feet. 
Add  for  the  deeper  part  of  the  Reservoir,  43,200     "       " 


Total  capacity  equal  to  3.85  days'  supply 
for  the  city,         .... 


1,846,704 


(( 


(( 


21 


1 
if 

M 


From  Station  118,  the  surveyed  line  for  the  iron  main  passes 
down  the  meadow  to  the  left  bank  of  the  Ht.  Chafes,  where  it 
continues  along  the  ban!:,  between  the  Indian  village  and  river, 
crossing  the  great  road  between  the  Indian  church  and  the 
ancient  Indian  grave  yard,  and  then  enters  the  church  land, 
which  occupies  the  space  between  the  road  on  the  north,  and 
the  deep  ravine  the  river  has  cut  for  itself  in  the  limestone  form- 
ation below  the  great  cascade  on  the  south.  The  line  then 
passes  along  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  south  of  Lepire's  and 
Lafonte's  dwelling  houses,  crossing  the  (Quebec  and  Lorette 
river  road  in  the  hollow  near  Mrs.  Pinet's  house  ;  thence  fol- 
lowing the  low  ground  east  of  the  river  road,  descends  into  the 
fields  near  Peter  Falardeau's  house,  where  the  line  takes  a 
straight  course  to  the  isolated  barn  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St. 
Charles,  west  of  the  Vacherie  or  Pointe  Aux  Lievres,  at  Sta- 
tion 53.  This  straight  part  of  the  line  may  be  varied  consid- 
erably either  to  the  right  or  left,  without  altering  materially  the 
cost  of  the  work,  provided  the  large  brook  at  George  Bederd's 
house  (Station  93)  is  crossed  near  the  place  it  is  crossed  by  this 
survey.  After  passing  this  brook,  the  hne  might  perhaps  with 
advantage  be  deflected  more  to  the  south,  and  pass  the  steep 
bluff  in  the  deep  ravine  cut  by  the  little  brook,  about  four  chains 
west  of  Station  38,  and  from  thence  to  the  barn  abovemen- 
tioned,  keeping  south  of  the  surveyed  line,  and  avoiding  the 
little  brook  at  Station  64.  From  the  isolated  barn  the  Aqueduct 
would  go  straight  to  the  foot  of  Dorchester,  at  St.  Peter's 
street,  crossing  the  River  St.  Charles  at  the  Po*-  nearly  at 
right  angles  with  the  course  of  the  river  at  that  place  From 
Station  47  at  St.  Peter's  street  the  main  v/ould  follow  the  line  of 
survey  through  Dorchester  to  its  jimction  with  St.  Valiere 
street,  cross  the  latter  in  a  diagonal  direction,  and  ascend  the 
steep  rocky  bluff  to  its  crest  at  the  foot  of  St.  Claire  street. 


Thence  through  that  latter  street, 


crossing 


St.   John's  street 


and  the  private  lots  on  its  southern  side,  enter  and  continue 
through  Scott  street  to  Chemin  de  la  Grand  Allee,  or  St.  Lewis 
road ;  thence  crossing  that  road,  diagonally  terminate  at  the 
west  corner  of  the  Ursuline  Nuns  lot,  where  we  have  supposed 
the  Distributing  Reservoir  would  be  located. 

The  country  portion  of  this  line  could  not  be  much  more 
favorable  than  it  is  for  a  conduit  to  convey  water.     The  line  is  so 


'ill! 


direct  and  free  from  undulations,  that  the  effect  of  curves  may 
be  neglected  in  the  computations  for  fixing  the  size  of  the  pipe. 
The  surface  of  the  ground  is  particularly  uniform,  requiring 
only  in  a  few  instances,  embankments  or  cuttings  that  would 
in  any  essential  degree  interfere  with  the  farmer  in  tilling  his 
land.  The  soil  is  also  favorable  for  executing  the  work,  and 
will  we  i..ink  stand  with  a  slope  no  greater  than  that  assumed 
in  the  estimates,  and  given  in  the  cross  section  of  the  trench  on 
Plate  No.  2.  We  think  the  soil  is  also  favorable  in  regard  to 
its  corroding  action  upon  the  cast  iron  of  the  pipes. 

It  is  quite  certain  that  rock  would  not  be  encountered  along 
the  country  part  of  this  line,  if  we  except  that  portion  between 
Peter  Felardeau's  house  and  the  subsiding  reservoir.  I  think 
the  character  of  the  sides  of  the  deep  chasm  the  river  has 
excavated  clc^e  alongside  the  line  here,  shows  the  chance  to  be 
small,  that  rock  in  place  would  be  met  with  below  the  Indian 
Church,  at  the  depth  it  would  be  necessary  to  go  to  secure 
the  pipe  against  frosts.  At  the  cutting  across  tho  road  at  the 
Church,  the  rock  might  be  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  trench, 
for  it  crops  out  at  the  bridge  near  by,  whence  to  the  Great 
Cascade  it  occupies  the  whole  breadth  of  the  river,  and  forms 
the  wall  over  Avhich  the  river  falls.  This  rock  is  of  a  hard 
quality,  I  suppose  of  the  primitive  formation,  gneiss,  and  differ- 
ent from  the  limestone  rock  below.  Should  the  rock  below 
the  church  interfere  with  the  position  of  the  pipes  we  have 
assumed,  they  could  be  ele>ated  without  much  inconvenience, 
and  be  protected  by  an  embankment. 

There  are  but  three  or  four  watsr  courses,  except  the  St. 
Charles  and  the  large  brook  at  Bederd's  that  would  require 
any  expense,  except  in  some  instances,  where  it  would  be 
necessary  to  divert  them  to  a  lower  point  on  the  line,  where 
they  would  pass  over  the  pipe  without  interference.  A  culvert 
would  be  required  at  Station  64,  unless  a  more  southerly  course 
was  taken,  although  I  have  supposed  the  water  of  this  bi  ook, 
before  it  reaches  the  line  near  Station  65,  to  be  diverted  across 
into  the  brook  valley  below  Station  61,  making  it  unnecessary  to 
put  in  a  culvert  next  to  Station  65.  Another  culvert  I  believe 
to  be  unavoidable  at  Station  60,  and  another  at  Station  54. 
At  Station  52,  or  near  Station  50,  should  be  a  well  for  a  waste 
cock  and  pipe,  these  points  bemg  at  the  extremities  ef  the  lowest 


28 


part  of  the  pipe.  This  work  is  necessary  to  furnish  the  means 
of  drawing  off  with  the  water  any  accumulation  of  sand  or 
other  substance,  that  may  from  time  to  time  take  place  in  the 
pipe.  Either  of  these  points  would  answer,  both  being  near 
the  river,  into  which  the  water  and  sediment  could  be  directed 
at  little  cost. 

The  bridge  across  the  St.  Charles  at  the  foot  of  Dorchester 
street  is  a  large  and  importa.it  item  in  the  estimate.  It  has 
been  adopted  as  a  necessary  part  of  the  work ;  but  it  would 
also  be  valuable  as  a  new  and  important  avenue  into  the  city, 
if  connected  with  a  road  to  traverse  the  line  of  aqueduct  as  far 
at  least,  as  the  St.  Claire  and  Buoaventure  Roads,  from  whence 
it  might  be  continued  and  make  ttie  shortest  route  to  Indian 
Lorette,  so  much  resorted  to  now  by  strangers  and  parties  of 
pleasure,  and  likely  to  become  more  and  more  so  as  the  city 
increases  in  population.  It  would,  we  are  satisfied,  be  good 
policy  for  the  landholders  along  the  line  to  aid  and  encourage 
such  a  project ;  their  lands  bordering  the  road  would  be  greatly 
enhanced  in  value,  and  sought,  for  country  seats,  for  agricul- 
tural and  other  purposes.  The  part  in  the  vicinity  of  the  River 
St.  Charles,  could  be  laid  out  into  streets  and  lots,  and  allow 
the  city  to  expand  in  a  direction  now  impracticable  for  the 


want  of  a 


bridge 


and  road  in  connection ;  and  there  would 


exist  there  also  a  free  communication  by  water  with  the  lower 
parts  of  the  city  and  the  shipping  in  the  River  St.  Lawrence. 
If  there  is  not  a  bridge  the  pipe  must  be  carried  under  the 
river,  by  some  means  or  other.  This  could  be  done  in  the 
way  contemplated  by  the  estimate  for  the  Montmorenci  Line 
of  Aqueduct,  given  hereafter  in  this  Report;  but  it  is  our 
opinion  that  the  facilities  for  operating  at  the  Old  Dorchester 
Bridge,  where  the  other  line  crosses,  do  not  exist  on  this,  on 
account  of  the  greater  depth  of  water,  and  the  absence  of  a  free 
fall  in  the  bed  of  the  river  below  the  site  of  operations.  Still  the 
plan  alluded  to  or  the  flexible  main,*  adopted  at  Glasgow,  in 

*  Mr.  Philip  Prcble.s,  Engineer  of  the  Quebec  Gas  'Works,  in  a  letter  to  the  writer  of 
this  Report,  from  Scollund,  dttted  Mnrrii  22,  IS'IS,  states  tiiat,  this  flexible  main,  us  it 
i8  called,  has  never  been  renewed  since  it  was  tirst  drawn  across  on  the  Inittoni  of 
Clyde ;  that  the  exterior  surface  of  the  pijjcs  was  as  perfect  as  when  cast ;  bnt  the 
interior  had  some  little  knots  (tubercles)  of  rust,  which  could  be  removed  by  the  t'lUfitir; 
lio  ulst)  states  that  at  Kdinbur^h  they  were  mokinj^  some  radical  changes  in  tlu^  Water 
Works ;  and  ut  Glasgow  new  Water  Workjs  were  Iximg  cunstruetud  to  supply  u  dis- 
trict of  97,000  inhabitants,  by  gmvilation. 


«!' 


lij 


i^l 


I 


24 


lir 


Scotland,  would  answer  here,  and  cost  considerably  less  than  a 
bridge ;  but  both  plans  would  be  attended  with  great  incon- 
venience, in  case  repairs  become  necessary  on  that  part  of  the 
pipe  in  the  river,  where  they  are  more  likel)  to  occur  than  any 
where  else ;  the  pressure  being  equal  to  about  463  feet.  So 
far  as  we  are  informed,  the  history  of  water  works  do  not  fur- 
nish any  account  of  a  head  of  water  so  great  as  this.  The 
tunnel  furnishes  a  superior  method  for  getting  across  the  river 
with  the  pipe ;  it  should  be  so  large  that  one,  perhaps  two 
large  pipes  could  be  laid  through  it,  leaving  space  enough 
besides  for  inserting  a  new  joint,  should  an  accident  require  it. 
Two  wells  would  be  necessary  appendages,  ont  '»t  each  end 
of  the  tunnel,  for  the  descent  and  ascent  of  the  conduit,  with 
provision  for  a  waste  cock  and  pumps,  and  houses  to  cover 
the  wells.  The  expense  of  a  tunnel  has  not  been  ascertained, 
but  probably  would  amount  to  25,000,  or  30,000  dollars  ;  sup- 
posing the  river  would  have  to  be  turned  into  a  new  channel 
across  the  point  of  land,  in  executing  the  work. 

The  bridge  contemplated  would  be  of  cut  stone  masonry, 
with  three  arches  of  forty-five  feet  span  each.  The  width 
over  the  arches,  exclusive  of  the  projecting  mouldings,  would 
be  twenty-six  feet,  and  the  wings  or  return  wa"i  would  expand 
to  thirty  feet.  The  whole  length  of  the  bridge,  including  the 
wings,  two  hundred  and  forty-nine  feet.  The  pipe  would 
pass  the  bridge  on  a  level  eleven  feet  above  the  base  line  of 
the  survey,  or  high  water  of  spring  tides,  and  would  be  en- 
closed in  a  covered  way  in  masonry,  for  the  purpose  of  equal- 
izing the  temperature  about  the  pipe,  and  giving  access  for 
repairs,  and  for  further  protecting  it  from  frosts,  should  it  be 
required. 

On  a  portion  of  the  line  within  the  city  limits,  rock  at  a 
greater  ov  less  depth,  would  be  found  from  the  bluff  at  the  foot 
of  St.  Claire  street  to  the  distributing  reservoir ;  in  some  places 
it  could  be  avoided  in  part  by  grading  the  streets  anew,  filling 
in  and  equalizing  their  inclinations,  thereby  saving  much  ex- 
pense in  quarrying  for  the  water  and  gas  mains,  the  service 
pipes,  the  common  sewers  and  the  private  drains.  In  the 
estimates  a  liberal  allowance,  it  is  thought,  has  been  made  for 
the  rock,  but  there  was  no  data  by  \\hich  its  amount  could  be 
fixed  with  much  certainty.    Where  the  rock  was  visible  in  the 


25 


streets,  and  bottom  of  open  cellars,  its  presence  was  noted ; 
much  of  the  distance,  however,  there  was  no  indication  that  it 
was  so  near  the  surface  of  the  streets  as  to  interfere  with 
the  emplacement  of  the  pipe. 


DISTRIBUTING   RESERVOIR  AND   DISTRIBUTION. 

The  lot  of  ground  selected  for  the  site  of  the  distributing 
reservoir,  for  the  purpose  of  the  estimate,  is  that  belonging,  as 
we  were  informed,  to  the  Ursuline  Nuns ;  now  under  a  lease 
to  the  British  government.  It  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of 
St.  Lewis  road  ;  iind  bounded  on  the  other  three  sides  by  the 
government  property.  The  lot  next  west  is  better  adapted  for 
a  reservoir,  on  account  of  its  greater  breadth  and  altitude  ;  but 
as  such  a  work  constructed  there  might  be  considered  to  mili- 
tate with  the  plans  of  the  citadel  defences,  it  was  thought  best 
to  place  it  where  it  would  probably  interfere  the  least  with  the 
citadel,  and  be  better  commanded  in  case  of  invasion. 

The  surface  of  the  lot  selected  is  somewhat  uneven,  requir- 
ing at  places  high  embankments.  The  embankment  exceeds 
the  amount  of  thr'  excavation  some  six  or  seven  thousand  cubic 
yards.  The  quantity  of  rock  is  uncertain.  This,  like  many  of 
the  levels  used  as  data  in  computing  the  work,  has  been 
assumed  from  cursory  observations  made  while  running  levels 
in  the  vicinity ;  and  is  to  be  taken  in  the  estimate  as  only  an 
approximation. 

At  the  west  corner  of  the  reservoir,  the  supplying  conduit 
will  be  admitted  by  a  covered  gallery,  accessible  for  examina- 
tion and  repairs  as  far  as  the  middle  of  the  embankment,  where 
there  would  be  a  water  stop  in  hydraulic  masonry,  through 
which  the  conduit  would  pass,  and  open  into  another  circular 
gallery  or  culvert,  having  a  free  outlet  into  the  interior  of  the 
reservoir.  At  the  north  corner,  it  is  designed  to  place  the 
wells,  culvert  and  gallery  for  supplying  the  city  mains  —  here 
the  water  will  be  strained  before  its  admission  into  the  pipes, 
with  copper  or  canvas  strainers  —and  a  waste- weir  provided 
for  conveying  off  to  the  common  sewer  the  waste  water  of  the 
reservoir. 


I 


i 


! 

I 

! 
I 

I 


( IL 


26 


The  dimensions  given  to  the  reservoir  are  as  follovi^s  : 


(( 


440  feet 

220 

434 

214 

374 

154 

Length,  inside,  from  top  bank  to  top  bank 
Breadth    "  "     "      "      "    " 

Length  at  surface  of  high  water 
Breadth"       "       "      "       " 
Length  on  bottom  of  the  reservoir 
Breadth  "       "     "         "        . 

Cubic  contents  of  the  water  prism,  when 

the  reservoir  is  full,  or  within  two  feet  of 

top  bank,  making  allowance  for  the  cul- 
vert and  wells,  and  masses  of  earth  and 

masonry  at  the  inlet  and  exit  pipes,  equal 

to  3j  days  supply  for  the  city  1,500,000  cubic  feet. 

Surface,  or  high  water  level  of  the  reservoir,  is  assumed,  at 
330  feet  above  Base  line  of  the  survey,  or  above  high  water 
spring  tides  at  Quebec,  and  114.60  below  the  fountain  head  at 
Lorette  —  the  depth  of  water  to  be  20  feet. 

The  top  of  the  embankment  will  have  a  breadth  of  15  feet, 
the  inside  and  outside  slopes  1^  to  1 ;  the  latter,  on  the  west, 
north,  and  partly  on  the  east  side,  will  be  supported  by  a  revet- 
ment, of  a  height  varying  according  to  the  inequalities  of  the 
ground.  The  estimate  embraces  the  cost  of  paving  the  bottom 
and  inside  slopes  of  the  reservoir  with  concrete,  a  necessary 
measure,  should  there  be  any  considerable  deposit  from  the 
water,  requiring  the  deposit  to  be  removed  at  intervals.  It 
is  my  opinion,  that  in  thib  case,  we  might  omit  part  of  the 
item,  as  the  water  to  be  introduced  appears  so  naturally  pure, 
or  would  be  made  so  by  the  subsiding  reservoir  in  the  country. 
The  sides  of  the  reservoir  not  rock,  should  be  lined  to  prevent 
the  soil  of  the  banks  being  washed  into  the  reservoir,  causing 
turbidness  in  the  water  by  every  little  shower  or  breeze  of 
wind. 

In  most  oases  the  subject  of  distribution  may  be  generalized 
in  considering  the  cost  of  water  works ;  but  the  geological  and 
topographical  character  of  this  city  demands  more  than  ordi- 
nary attention  in  the  preUminary  examination  for  introducing 
water.  One  of  the  points  alluded  to,  is  the  unusual  existence 
of  rock  throughout  a  large  portion  of  the  city,  very  near  the 
surface  of  the  streets.  The  other  is  the  very  great  difference 
iu  the  levels  of  the  different  districts  to  be  supplied.     The  first 


27 


M 


affects  materially  the  cost  of  laying  down  water  mains  and 
their  correlative  works,  gas  mains  and  common  sewers ;  and 
the  question,  how  the  three  shall  be  laid  at  Quebec,  has  already 
claimed  considerable  attention.  It  is  our  opiniott  that  the 
works  should  be  combined  and  executed  "mder  some  well 
digested  plan  ;  especially  where  rock  occur  o  interfere  with 
the  excavations  to  any  considerable  extent  in  the  narrow 
streets.  In  very  wide  streets  there  would  be  more  reason  for 
separating  them,  placing  the  common  sewer  in  the  middle  of 
the  street,  and  the  gas  and  water  mains  on  eacii  side,  either  in 
contiguity  or  detached,  as  rock  or  earth  might  occur  in  such 
streets.  I  see  no  practical  objection  to  the  plan  of  laying  a 
common  sewer  in  or  near  the  middle  of  a  street  which  shall 
carry  on  its  top  the  water  and  gas  mains,  —  placed  below  the 
action  of  the  frost.  The  sewer  in  such  a  position  would  be 
well  adapted  to  receive  the  house  drains,  and  other  minor 
drains,  and  the  pipes  on  top  would  receive  such  a  support 
from  the  masonry  of  the  sewer,  that  we  might  reasonably 
expect  the  repairs  to  be  of  little  consequence  forever  after. 
The  position  of  the  mains  on  the  side  walls  of  the  sewer  would 
not  interfere  with  the  house  and  other  drains  any  more  than 
they  would  if  placed  independently,  at  or  near  the  sides  of  the 
streets,  and  probably  less ;  for  in  their  proposed  position  the 
drains,  in  descending  from  the  houses,  would  pass  through  the 
sides  of  the  sewer  below  the  mains.  The  same  combination, 
of  water,  gas  and  sewerage,  could  be  extended,  under  such  a 
general  system,  to  the  service  pipes ;  using  the  same  exca- 
vation, whether  of  rock  or  earth,  for  them  all.  The  water 
service  pipes  could,  in  such  a  combination,  be  laid  in  or  upon 
the  house  drains,  and  receive  a  support  therefrom,  which  would 
tend  to  protect  them  from  derangement.  In  Paris  on  the 
Canal  De  L'Ourcq  Water  Works,  t  was  designed,  and  I 
believe  carried  into  effect,  to  lay  c:  kiid  of  drain,  expressly  for 
the  purpose  of  enclosing  the  service  pipe.*  There,  however, 
the  main  or  submain,  supplying  the  service  pipe,  was  to  be 


i^ 


'U| 


'If 


*  Ce  tuynu  do  bninekenient  sortiia  dcs  ^gouts  et  guleries  oii  les  conduitcs  principoles 
scront  renfcriDpfs  <;u  truvpn'itnt  lu  voiite  pur  les  puit^  de  (service  dont  il  n  ete  jnirle.  Pour 
fuciliter  la  posie  des  tuyiiux  do  brimclieinent  et  leiir  iailoxioii  en  divers  sens,  s'il  est 
nieetwuiiv,  le  long  ties  purois  et  do  lu  voCito  des  guieriee,  ils  Hcroul  liibriiiucs  en  plonib, 
h,  purtir  de  lour  origino  nut  lu  conduito  principule,  juMpi'  h  lour  entree  dann  les  rigoleei  de 
iDUf  onnerie  qui  les  rccevront  sous  le  puv6  des  rues,    Qirard. 


28 


|i 


only  tapped  at  intervals  of  150  metres,  (492  feet)  the  service 
pipe  rising  through  a  well  or  man  hole  in  the  top  of  the  sewer  ; 
and  then  laid  in  a  covered  conductor  along  the  top  of  the 
sewer,  and  resting  upon  it,  to  the  point  opposite  the  place  to 
be  served.  In  that  city  the  mains  supplied  wi'i  h  water  from  the 
Canal  De  L'Ourcq,  were  laid  in  galleries.  Some  of  these  gal- 
leries were  built  expressly  for  the  mains,  and  had  no  other  use 
than  that  of  enclosing  the  pipes  securely  from  accident,  and 
allowing  them  to  be  examined  and  repaired  at  all  times,  with- 
out disturbing  the  surface  of  the  streets.  In  other  cases,  there, 
the  object  was  compound,  the  gallery  serving,  besides  enclosing 
the  main,  the  purpose  of  a  common  sewer.  The  smallest 
sewer  designed,  that  was  to  contain  a  pipe,  had  a  clear  width 
inside  of  onj  metre,  (3.28  feet)  and  a  clear  height  of  two 
metres  (6.56  feet.)  A  pipe  was  laid  in  a  sewer  of  this  size, 
which  constituted  a  portion  of  the  train  of  galleries  which  con- 
ducted the  waters  of  the  Basin  of  Villette  to  the  Fountaine  des 
Innocens  and  other  fountains. 

The  advantages  of  the  Paris  plan  of  laying  water  mains  in 
galleries,  over  the  English  method  of  laying  them  in  common 
earth,  has  been  alluded  to  in  a  French  work  (Girard,)  in  the 
following  terms :  "  That  unquestionably  the  cost  of  distributing 
water  in  galleries,  would  be  very  considerable,  particularly  in 
Paris,  if  there  did  not  already  exist  many  sewers,  in  which  we 
could,  without  additional  expense,  add  to  their  first  destination 
that  of  containing  the  water  mains.  The  mains  which  convey 
the  waters  of  the  Basin  de  la  Villette  to  the  Fountaine  des 
Innocens,  to  the  Boulevard  Bondy,  to  the  Place  des  Vosges, 
and  to  Palais-Royal,  are  placed  in  galleries  constructed  within 
a  few  years,  and  in  some  old  sewers  of  sufficient  capacity. 
These  we  can  visit  at  any  time ;  and  for  twenty  years  it  has 
cost  less  for  keeping  ihem  in  repair,  for  an  extent  of  more  than 
10,000  metres,  (32,809  feet)  than  it  cost  in  six  months,  (before 
making  a  general  repair,)  for  repairing  and  maintaining  the 
new  conduit  of  the  Faubourg  Poissonniere,  only  1200  metres, 
(3937  feet)  long."  And  the  author  draws  the  following  con- 
clusions upon  this  subject :  "  That  conduits  buried  in  the 
earth,  ought  to  have  solid  bearings  on  masonry  at  certain  inter- 
vals, which  should  prevent  as  much  as  possible  any  unequal 
settling,  which  might  cause  a  fracture.     That  in  large  towns 


29 


M 


where  the  pavement  of  the  streets  is  generally  laid  on  filling,  it 
is  extremely  advantageous  to  place  the  water  mains  in  arched 
galleries,  constructed  under  the  streets,  either  for  that  special 
object,  or  what  would  oftener  occur,  and  be  more  economical, 
that  these  galleries  should  also  be  used  for  sewers  for  the  dis- 
charge of  rain  water  and  drainage  of  houses,  and  administer 
besides  to  the  public  health.  Finally,  that  the  advantage  of 
arched  galleries  for  receiving  the  principal  conduits  of  distribu- 
tion, having  been  proved  for  twenty  years,  it  is  suitable  to 
profit  by  that  experience,  and  not  be  exposed  to  the  frequent 
disturbance  of  the  pavement  to  seek  for  leaks,  often  without 
success,  where  the  conduits  are  laid  in  a  soil  liable  to  settle, 
like  that  of  the  Boulevards,  and  most  of  the  streets  in  the 
capital." 

As  the  question  in  regard  to  the  policy  of  uniting  the  sewer- 
age, gas,  and  water  works,  is  a  matter  that  may  properly  be 
left  for  the  future  consideration  of  the  city,  the  estimate  has 
been  made  on  the  supposition  that  the  pipes  of  distribution  are 
to  be  laid  down  in  the  streets,  by  bedding  them  in  common 
earth,  in  the  usual  way ;  estimating  the  cost  of  trenching, 
whether  rock  or  earth,  from  the  best  information  at  command, 
making  no  allowance  for  any  advantage  that  might  be  derived 
by  using  the  channels  already  cut  in  the  rock  for  the  sewers,  a 
course  which  might  affect  the  result  very  considerably  by 
reducing  the  cost  of  laying  the  mains.  According  to  a  plan  of 
the  city,  exhibiting  the  sewerage  as  it  existed  in  1841,  procured 
from  Mr.  Hamel,  the  city  surveyor,  on  which  the  sewers  (les 
canaux)  were  designated ;  the  aggregate  length  of  the  sewer- 
age transferred  and  measured  on  a  new  plan  of  the  city,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  from  9  to  9j  miles ;  of  which  1\  miles  were 
in  the  wards  St.  Champlain  and  St.  Peter's.  In  St.  Roch's 
2\  miles  ;  in  St.  John's  2\  miles,  and  in  St.  Lewis  and  Palace 
wards,  within  the  city  walls,  including  a  small  portion  supposed 
to  be  on  the  rock,  outside  of  the  three  northern  gates,  on  the 
bluff,  3j  miles.  Since  1841,  the  sewerage,  no  doubt,  has  been 
considerably  extended,  but  we  have  no  authentic  account  of 
the  amount  at  this  time. 

The  question,  at  what  depth  will  the  frost  penetrate  the 
earth,  or  freeze  stagnant  water,  is  somewhat  important  in  many 
of  the  details  of  a  water  work ;  for  water  mains  and  service 


■  h  ■ 


m 


^1',i 


pipes  must  be  placed,  if  practicable,  out  of  the  reach  of  extreme 
frosts ;  and  the  usefulness  of  a  Reservoir,  if  exposed  to  the 
open  air,  is  dependent,  to  a  certain  extent,  on  the  depth  to 
which  still  water  will  freeze  at  its  locality.  Repeated  inquiries 
while  at  Quebec,  tended  to  fix  the  extreme  depth  for  both 
earth  and  water  at  about  four  feet.  This  depth  is  corroborated 
by  the  published  account  of  Captain  Melhuish,  R.  E.,  on  the 
demolition  on  the  Glaciere  Bastion,  at  Quebec  in  1828,  where, 
in  describing  the  effect  of  the  explosion,  he  says  "  the  only  parts 
which  descended  in  masses  were  the  exterior  revetment  of  the 
parapet,  and  the  earth  between  that  and  the  interior  revetment, 
showing  the  enormous  power  of  the  intense  cold  in  Canada, 
which  strikes  nearly  four  feet  into  the  ground." 

We  have,  agreeably  to  this  information,  fixed  the  depth 
below  which  the  pipes  should  be  laid,  at  four  feet,  and  in  de- 
signing the  reservoirs  and  foundation  of  the  masonry,  the 
extreme  coldness  of  the  climate  has  been  taken  into  considera- 
tion. 

In  the  Appendix  (F)  will  be  found  some  thermometrical 
tables  of  the  temperature  of  Quebec  and  Lower  Canada. 
One  from  the  Seminary  at  Quebec,  another  from  a  register 
kept  by  Mr.  Watt,  who  had  charge  of  the  citadel  telegraph  for 
many  years,  where  the  observations  were  taken,  undoubtedly 
with  his  usujtl  accuracy.  The  other  table  was  taken  from  the 
Reports  of  the  Royal  Engineers. 

The  other  subject  relating  to  the  distribution,  has  regard  to 
the  effect  of  a  great  pressure  of  water  on  the  pipes  supplying 
the  lower  districts  of  the  city.  On  this  head,  our  experience 
in  this  country  does  not  offer  much  direct  information.  From 
what  I  gather,  however,  from  published  discussions  of  water 
works  in  England  and  Scotland,  I  apprehend  no  difficulty  in 
making  the  pipes  tight,  and  maintaining  them  so.  But  there 
seems  to  be  some  objection  to  so  great  a  pressure  on  the  ser- 
vice pipes ;  and  it  has  been  proposed  to  relieve  them  of  the 
superabundant  pressure,  by  means  of  a  regulating  valve,  in- 
serted between  the  mains  and  submains  or  service  pipes.  The 
particular  reasons  for  such  a  course  are  not  fully  explained.  I 
suppose,  however,  they  relate  to  the  extra  waste  that  takes 
place  at  the  service  and  stand  cocks,  and  perhaps  to  the  noise 
the  issuing  water  makes  there,  in  some  cases  amounting  to  a 


31 


HI 
<  'I 


nuisance.  Should  there  be  a  necessity  for  relieving  the  sub- 
mains  from  any  undue  pressure  above  what  would  be  required 
for  supplying  the  tenants  in  a  proper  manner,  the  city  ought  to 
be  divided  into  districts  of  equal  altitude,  each  having  its  proper 
pressure  regulated,  either  by  Subsidiary  Equalizing  Reservoirs 
or  by  Weighted  Valves  inserted  in  the  submains,  at  their  con- 
nections with  the  mains,  descending  directly  from  the  Distri- 
buting Reservoir.  The  latter  plan  —  should  recourse  to  such 
an  arrangement  be  demanded  —  would  be  the  best ;  and  could 
be  applied  at  any  time,  after  the  distribution  pipes  had  all  been 
laid,  and  the  experiment  had  been  fairly  tried,  of  furnishing 
wpter  to  the  tenants  under  the  full  pressure  due  to  the  head  at 
the  Distributing  Reservoir ;  if  the  precaution  were  taken  to 
arrange  the  submains  of  each  district  of  equal  altitude,  so  as  to 
keep  the  several  districts  disconnected  by  a  stop-cock  at  their 
boundary  lines.  On  the  adoption  of  either  plan,  provision 
should  be  made,  in  case  of  fire,  for  changing  by  some  siijple 
movement,  the  low  to  the  high  pressure  in  a  few  moments. 

The  above  objections  to  a  high  pressure  are,  we  think,  not 
of  serious  import,  and  may  be  disregarded  without  running  much 
risk  of  being  put  at  some  future  time  to  an  expense  not  calcu- 
lated for.  The  application  of  a  few  weighted  cocks,  if  they 
should  be  found  necessary  and  efficient,  would  be  trivial. 
Subsidiary  Reservoirs  would  be  more  expensive,  but  they 
would  be  small,  and  the  steepness  of  the  streets  would  be 
favorable  to  their  construction. 

The  value  of  water  works  to  a  city  for  the  extinguishment  of 
fires,  is  only  secondary  to  that  of  supplying  its  inhabitants  with 
one  of  the  greatest  luxuries  and  necessaries  of  life ;  and  in 
Quebec  this  branch  of  their  usefulness  seems  to  me  to  be  of 
equal  importance  to  the  other. 

Recent  calamities  must  have  convinced  the  least  reflecting, 
that  water,  in  some  form  or  other,  ought  to  be  introduced  into 
the  city.  A  fire,  raging  on  the  higher  and  rocky  parts  of  the 
city,  is  a  most  appalling  spectacle ;  and  it  is,  indeed,  painful 
to  witness  the  expenditure  of  labor  by  man  and  horse,  in  drag- 
ging up  the  water  for  the  engines  on  such  occasions.  This 
process  of  supplying  water  for  fires  is  now  necessary,  because 
the  wells  are  inadequate  to  a  full  supply,  if  the  conflagration 
continues  any  length  of  time. 


I 


P 


32 


In  contrast  to  such  a  mode  of  supply,  it  may  be  stated,  that 
the  proposed  conduit  from  the  St.  Charles  at  Lorette,  would 
be  sufficient  to  fill  the  seven  hundred  and  sixty  wells  mentioned 
in  the  next  table,  to  the  average  depth  of  4.75  feet,  more  than 
ten  times  every  twenty-four  hours ;  supposing  there  was  no 
reservoir  in  reserve,  such  as  that  proposed  on  the  Ursuline 
Nuns  Lot,  which  of  itself  would  fill  the  same  wells  to  the  same 
depth  more  than  thirty  times,  calling  their  average  diameter 
four  feet. 

By  that  account  (dated  Dec.  20th,  1841,)  there  were  in  all 
the  Wards  950  wells.  In  760  of  tliem  the  depth  of  water  is 
given. 

Below  in  a  tabular  form  is  given,  the  total  number,  the  num- 
ber measured,  and  the  average  depth  of  water  of  the  wells  for 
each  Ward. 


Total  No.  of 
Wells. 

No.ofWeUs 
measured. 

Average  Depth 
of  Water. 

St.  Lewis  Ward 

170 

153 

4.80  feet. 

Palace         " 

103 

98 

3.83      « 

St.  John's    " 

448 

402 

4.93      « 

St.  Roch's  « 

196 

86 

4.91      « 

St.  Peter's  " 

22 

12 

5.33      " 

Champlain  " 

11 

9 

2.93      " 

Total, 


950  760  fc'jtiui  4.75 


(( 


'I-  ^ 


Pi 


The  following  notes,  descriptive  of  the  wells,  are  given  at 
the  close  of  the  list : 

Note  1.  The  wells  in  Champlain  and  St.  Peter's  Ward, 
principally  rise  and  fall  with  the  tide. 

Note  2.  The  wells  in  St.  Roch's  Ward  are  mostly  made 
to  keep  the  water  out  of  the  cellars,  therefore  very  few  people 
use  them ;  but  there  are  some  good  wells  in  St.  Valier  street, 
principally  in  the  tanneries. 

The  following  statements  concerning  the  effect  of  jets  issuing 
from  mains,  submuins,  fire  plugs,  &c.,  to  be  used  in  cases  of 
fire,  show  that  great  advantages  would  arise  from  the  intro- 
duction of  water  under  a  head  so  great  as  that  proposed. 

It  was  stated  by  Mr.  Anderson,  before  a  Committee  of  Par- 
liament, that  a  three  quarter  inch  jet  of  water  from  a  six  inch 


38 

main,  under  a  pressure  of  one  hundred  and  ten  feet,  rose  in  the 
day  time  fifty-seven  feet  high,  and  discharged  seventy-eight 
gallons  a  minute.  In  the  night  it  rose  sixty-four  feet,  and  dis- 
charged ninety-nine  gallons  a  minute.  With  two  jets  of  three 
quarters  inch,  playing  at  once,  the  water  rose  by  day  fifty-six 
feet,  and  threw  seventy-eight  gallons  a  minute.  In  the  night, 
the  two  jets  rose  sixty-two  feet,  and  threw  eighty-seven  gallons. 
At  a  pressure  of  forty-six  feet,  one  jet  rose  by  day,  twenty-four 
feet,  and  discharged  thirty  gallons.  In  the  night,  it  rose  twen- 
ty-eight feet,  and  discharged  thirty-five  gallons.  With  the 
same  head,  two  jets  rose  by  day  twenty  feet  high,  and  deliv- 
ered twenty-nine  gallons.  In  the  night,  they  rose  twenty-five 
feet,  and  delivered  thirty  gallons  per  minute. 

The  above  experiments  exhibit  the  effect  produced  on  the 
pressure  by  the  tenants  drawing  their  water  during  the  day. 

"  At  Philadelphia,  the  water  will  rise  from  a  hose  attached 
to  a  fire  plug  in  the  street,  at  the  extreme  point  of  delivery 
during  the  night,  to  the  height  of  about  forty-five  to  fifty  feet ; 
during  the  day,  when  the  consumption  of  water  is  very  great, 
twenty  to  thirty  feet."  Head  of  water  in  this  case  was  proba- 
bly not  far  from  one  hundred  feet. 

Mr.  Quick,  of  the  Southwark  Water  Works,  London,  stated 
before  the  Committee  of  Parliament,  that  the  time  of  connect- 
ing a  hose  to  the  pipes  "  need  be  nothing  like  a  minute  "  — 
that  a  jet  given  off  from  a  twenty-inch  main,  under  a  head  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty-feet,  would  be  eighty  feet  —  and  that 
a  three  inch  main,  would  give,  under  the  same  head,  a  jet 
forty  feet,  which  would  be  equivalent  to  keeping  a  power  of 
one  engine  and  twenty  men  in  readiness  at  every  door,  to  act 
at  one  minute's  notice  in  case  of  fire. 

From  a  series  of  experiments  made  at  the  same  works,  and 
given  in  T.  Hawksley's  evidence,  we  learn  that  a  seven-eights 
inch  jet  rose  fifty  feet  from  the  end  of  a  forty-feet  hose, 
attached  to  a  stand  pipe  of  2|  inches,  the  water  passing  from 
a  large  main,  with  a  pressure  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet 
on  it,  through  1750  feet  of  15  inch  pipe,  600  feet  of  12  inch, 
1500  feet  of  9  inch,  and  2400  feet  of  7  inch,  in  all  16,500  feet 
of  pipe.  The  same  size  jet  at  the  end  of  a  hose  160  feet  long, 
attached  to  the  same  stand  pipe,  train  of  pipes  and  head  of 


/■'. 


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water,  rose  to  a  height  of  forty  feet,  or  one  third  of  the  head 
due  to  the  pressure  of  water  at  the  origin  of  the  train  of  pipes. 

Another  experiment  on  the  same  series  of  pipes,  in  which 
five  seven-eights  inch  jets  issuing  from  as  mnny  forty-feet  hoses 
and  sfmid pipes,  iind  under  the  same  pressure,  rose  30  feet  high. 
Mr.  Hawksley,  in  his  evidence,  gave  his  opinion,  that,  as  a  gen- 
eral rule,  a  jet  issuing  from  the  mains,  as  usually  laid  in  the 
streets  of  cities,  would  rise  to  half  the  height  dMe  to  the  pressure. 

The  above  statements  seem  to  be  corroborated  by  the 
account  we  have  of  one  of  the  highest  jets  d'eau  in  the  world, 
at  Cassal,  in  Germany,  where  a  jei  of  12  inches  diameter,  rises 
250  feet,  under  a  head  of  500  feet. 

The  highest  jet  d'eau  in  the  world  is  that  at  ChatsAvorth, 
which  Mr.  Paxton  had  erected,  or  was  erecting  in  1844,  for 
the  duke  of  Devonshire.  The  jet  was  calculated  to  rise  280 
feet,  under  a  pressure  due  to  a  fountain  head  of  381  feet,  the 
water  passing  through  a  pipe  2621  feet  long.  A  jet  d'eau, 
nearly,  if  not  quite  as  high  as  this,  may  be  expected  at  Quebec, 
should  the  work  now  proposed  be  adopted. 

The  experiments  also  show  that  the  fire  plugs  should  be 
near  each  other.  It  is  usual  in  some  towns  to  place  them 
about  300  feet  apart,  but  they  should  be  nearer,  and  at  about 
half  that  distance. 

In  considering  the  details  of  the  distribution,  an  important 
question  arises  in  regard  to  the  material  to  be  used  for  the  ser- 
vice pipes.  A  propor  and  convenient  material,  which  at  the 
same  time  will  not  be  of  high  cost,  is  still  a  desideratum. 
Lead  has  hitherto  been  much  used,  on  account  of  its  plastic 
nature,  which  is  well  calculated  for  the  purpose,  but  its  poison- 
ous quality,  so  thoroughly  proved  by  the  investigation  of  Pro- 
fessor Silliman,  (given  in  the  Appendix,)  wholly  unfits  it,  in  its 
unprotected  form,  for  such  an  application ;  and  should  never 
be  hereafter  applied  to  such  a  use.  It  is  doubtful  whether  the 
process  of  tinning  the  inside  will  make  it  safe.  I  have  the 
opinion  of  Professor  Silliman  to  that  effect ;  he  recommends 
either  drawn  iron,  block  tin,  or  tinned  copper.  The  drawn 
wrought  tubes  appear  to  be  at  the  present  time  in  general  use 
in  England.  Glass  has  been  proposed,  but  the  difficulty  of 
making  the  joints  elastic,  and  securing  it  from  accident  when 
laid,  are  great  objections  to  its  use. 


I 


35 


M 


Besides  the  usual  application,  for  domestic  purposes,  for 
extinguishing  fires,  and  cleansing  of  side  walks  and  streets, 
the  inirodnction  of  water  into  large  towns  is,  in  modern  times, 
much  valued  for  its  beneficial  effect  in  scouring  the  private  and 
public  drains ;  carrying  off  the  debris  of  houses,  and  other 
filth,  so  often  the  cause  of  nuisances,  and  maladies  in  families 
and  neighborhoods. 

To  the  uses  enumerated,  may  be  added  that  for  manufac- 
turing purposes,  which  is  not  to  be  overlooked  as  a  source  of 
profit.  The  use  of  water,  however,  in  this  form,  depends 
much  upon  the  cheapness  of  the  supply.  I  would  suggest,  for 
future  consideration,  the  application  of  the  surplus  water  for 
mill  uses,  at  a  comparative  low  rate,  so  long  as  it  should  not 
interfere  with  the  domestic  tenant. 


u 


ESTIMATE    OF    COST   OF    THE    LORETTE    LINE    OF    AQUEDUCT. 


Length  of  surveyed  line,  fioiu  Freeman's  Dam  to  the  Ursuline 

Nun's  Lot,  at  Station  12|,  41,784  feet,  or  7.91  miles. 
Length  of  cast  iron  conduit,  from  Station  118  to  Station  121, 

40,705  feet,  or  7.7 1  miles. 
Fall  from  the  surface  of  the  River  St.  Charles,  above  Free- 
man's Dam,  or  from  the  level  of  the  proposed  Reservoir,  at 
Station  118,  to  the  level  of  the  proposed  Distributing  Reser- 
voir, on  the  Ursuline  Nun's  Lot,  is  114.60  feet. 
Diameter  of  proposed  cast  iron  conduit,  18  inches. 

The  cast  iron  conduit  has  been  computed  from  Prony's 
Formula,  using  the  distance  and  fall  from  Station  118  to  the 
Ursuline  Nun's  Lot,  supposing  the  inside  diameter  of  the  pipe 
to  be  uniform  throughout  its  length.  But  in  practice,  both 
the  internal  area  and  thickness  of  the  pipe  should  be  varied, 
the  area  to  be  increased,  and  the  thickness  of  metal  diminished 
along  the  upper  or  higher  parts  of  the  line,  especially  above 
the  level  of  the  Distributing  Reservoir,  at  the  Lorette  end  of 
the  pipe.  The  pipe,  when  enlarged,  would,  in  theory,  dis- 
charge more  water  than  if  kept  of  uniform  section ;  but  there 
may  be  accumulations  of  rust,  &c.  in  the  pipe,  that  would,  on 
the  other  hand,  reduce  the  discharge  to  what  we  have  sup- 
posed, viz.   480,000  cubic  feet  in  twenty-four  hours.     The 


!il 


li' 


36 


r  t 


thickness  of  the  metal  allowed  in  the  estimate  is  1|  inch,  which 
is  the  s&  ne  as  the  maximum  thickness  of  Vae  country  main 
which  conveys  the  water  to  the  city  of  Edinburgh.  And  it  is 
from  this  example  of  one  of  the  most  original  and  celebrated 
works  of  ihe  kind  in  Europe,  and  where  the  head  above  the 
lowest  place  in  the  conduit  is  350  feet,*  that  we  have  proposed 
this  thickness ;  which  i*  must  be  allowed,  seems  a  large 
allowance  for  slrtijgth,  or  for  any  decomposition  of  the  outward 
or  inward  surface  it  may  be  subjected  to.  For  the  thickness 
;.f  pipe  required  to  sustain  simply  the  pressure  arising  in  this 
LMe  from  the  quiescent  head  of  water,  is  comparatively  of 
little  consequence  in  a  pipe  of  this  thickness.    A  is  customary 


*  In  a  published  account  of  these  Witer  Works,  dated  Edinburgh,  October  19, 1825, 
a^  given  in  a  Report  made  by  a  Committee  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  dated  December  28, 1831,  we  find  the  following  accoi'iit,  under  the  general  head 
of  "  Aqueduct  pipe : " 

"The  aqueduct  w^ich  conveys  the  water  from  the  Fountain-head  to  Edinburgh  is 
about  nine  milta  lonsr,  reckoning  to  Queen  street.  The  elevation  of  the  stone  cistern, 
in  the  Fountain-head,  where  the  aqueduct  pipe  begins,  is  as  follows : 

"Above  the  sea  at  Leith,  ....  864 

A^iove  Prince's  street,  at  the  Mound,  ....       360 

Above  Reservoir  at  Heriot's  Hospital,  .  .  270 

Above        do.         Castlehill,      .  .  .  .       230 

Above  the  lowest  point  to  which  the  pipe  descends  in  its  course,  namely,  at  Libber- 
ton  Dums,  .....  3SC 

"  The  distance  from  the  Fountain-head  to  the  Castlehill  Reservoir,  in  a  direct  line,  is  six 
and  a  quarter  miles ;  by  the  Une  of  development,  or  that  which  the  pipe  f  jUows,  it  is 
nearly  eight  and  a  half  miles. 

"  7rom  Heriot's  ground*,  a  branch  pipe  passes  oiTeastward  to  supply  the  southern  districts 
of  the  town,  and  another  comes  up  to  the  Reservoir  on  the  w>.;St  side  of  tlte  hospital.  A 
third  ascends  from  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel  along  the  side  of  the  Castlehill  to  the  Reser- 
voir there ;  and  various  branches  pass  off  to  other  parts  of  the  town. 

"  It  is  to  be  observed,  that  a  pipe  coming  fror  the  Reservoirs  at  Heriot's  Ireen,  or  the 
Castlehill,  will  carry  the  water  no  higher  than  the  level  of  these  Reser/oirs,  but  a  branch 
from  tlie  main  pipe  ban  tho  pressure  of  the  Founmin-head  behind  it,  ai.d  easily  makes  the 
v/ater  ascend,  not  only  to  the  top  cf  the  highest  tr  nements  in  the  town,  br.t  even  to  the 
upper  flat!^  of  the  barracks  in  tho  castle,  which  are  biill  nearly  one  hundred  feet  below 
Crawley  Spring. 

"  Tho  pipjs  which  compose  tb^  Aqueduct,  vary  from  twenty  Ic  £Aeen  inches  diameter, 
are  in  lengths  ot  nine  feet,  and  are  joined  by  spigot  and  faucet. 

"  The  pipes  were  all  proved  "^fore  they  were  '.aid,  by  being  made  to  bear  a  pressure 
equal  to  that  of  a  column  of  from  three  hundn^d  to  eight  hundred  feet  of  water. 

"  It  begins  with  pipes  of  twenty  inches  intsrior  diaraet  ,  and  gradually  diminishes  to  a 
size  of  iifteen  inches. 

"It  mny  be  proper  to  mention,  tliat  the  aqueduct  pipe  is  always  covered  with  three 
feet  of  soil,  or  more,  to  koep  it  out  of  the  reach  of  frosts  and  agricultural  operations. 
That  where  it  is  laid  at  a  depth  not  exceeding  twelve  or  fifteen  feet,  it  is  simply  covered 
with  eartli,  but  where  the  depth  much  exceeds  this,  a  tunnel  of  six  feet  in  height,  with 
shafts  for  descending,  has  generally  been  built  over  it,  that  ucce  w  might  be  had  to  the 
pipe  aftorwan'x,  for  repairs,  without  much  dialing.  Thera  is  a  toimel  of  this  sort,  about 
a  mile  Ions',  across  the  ridge  at  Milton  Mill." 


m 


in  fixing  the  thickness  of  the  pipe,  to  nsglect  the  consideration 
of  pressure,  and  only  provide  for  other  strains  it  may  be  liable 
to,  anc.  for  the  corrosion  of  the  metal. 

In  the  following  estimate  the  measures  of  quantities  have 
been  kept  purposely  of  the  same  denomination ;  for  instance, 
cubic  feet  for  cubic  yards ;  lineal  feet  for  lineal  yards,  &c.,  m 
that  they  may  more  readily  be  converted  into  other  local 
measures. 


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MONTMORENCI   LINE   OP   AQTJEDrCT. 

This  line  commences  at  a  point  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
River  Montmorenci,  at  the  head  of  the  Rapids  known  as  the 
Three  Falls,  in  the  Seigniory  of  Ange^Guardien,  about  half  a 
mile  east  of  the  east  line  of  Beauport  Seigniory,  and  distant 
about  three  miles  on  a  straight  line  from  the  moutii  of  the 
river  at  the  High  Falls.  The  river,  at  the  point  of  depart- 
ure, passes  through  the  northern  part  of  a  ridge,  extending 
towards  Quebec  about  a  mile  in  a  southwesterly  direction. 
This  ridge  is  high,  and  appears  to  be  the  drift  formation,  com- 
posed of  sand  and  gravel,  sustaining  steep  declivities  on  both 
sides ;  that  on  the  south-east,  over  which  the  line  of  survey 
passes,  is  much  the  highest,  and  for  some  distance  its  base  is 
washed  by  the  river  in  its  rapid  descent  over  a  bed  of  primi- 
tive rock.  Above  the  Rapids  the  river  appeared  to  be  smooth 
for  about  a  mile  to  the  by-road  coming  out  from  St.  Michel ; 
and  even  above  that  point  a  short  distance. 

The  line  exhibited  by  the  plan  (No.  3,)  and  profile,  (No.  4,) 
passes  along  the  edge  of  the  rocky  shore  of  the  Three  Falls, 
from  Station  0  to  Station  3 ;  but  the  conduit  would  be  laid 
down  further  in  on  the  land  at  the  base  of  the  steep  side  of 
the  ridge,  where  it  would  probably  have  a  foundation  on  the 
rock,  and  be  secure  from  the  action  of  the  river  in  freshets. 
At  Station  3,  a  short  tunnel  through  rock,  or  a  deep  cut  might 
be  required  to  avoid  making  a  bad  curve  in  the  conduit.  From 
Station  8  the  line  follows  the  side  hill,  to  Station  25.  Opposite 
Station  9,  or  a  little  above,  the  water  of  the  river  at  the  time 
of  the  survey  was  57.31  feet  below  the  level  of  smooth  water, 
or  Station  0,  at  the  head  of  the  Rapids ;  and  opposite  Station 
18,  it  was  found  to  be  88.94  feet  below.  Along  this  part  of 
the  route  the  rock  is  not  indicated,  but  the  steepness  and  height 
of  the  slope,  together  with  the  looseness  of  the  soil  would 
require  the  conduit  to  be  buried  extra  deep  in  some  places,  to 
guard  against  its  being  injured  by  slides. 

To  avoid  delay  in  clearing  a  line  through  the  thick  forest, 
the  survey  was  diverted  at  Station  28  from  its  proper  course, 
along  the  side  hill,  and  carried  along  the  tinrt  path  to  Station 
40..    By  doing  this  the  line  is  no  doubt  lengthened,  and  the 


M: 


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4» 


cutting  increased ;  but  not  to  an  extent  to  affect  the  estimate 
materially. 

From  Station  40,  emerging  from  the  forest,  the  line  takes  a 
new  and  direct  course  towards  Quebec ;  passing  across  level 
cultivated  fields,  leaving  the  three  houses  of  Lamotte,  Boutet, 
and  Dubriel,  on  the  St.  Michel  road,  seven  chains  to  the  left. 
At  Station  46,  the  surface  of  the  country  begins  to  decline, 
compelling  the  use  of  pipes  of  pressure  for  the  remainder  of 
the  way  to  Quebec.  It  is  proposed  to  locate  here  a  Subsiding 
Reservoir  into  which  the  water  of  the  Montmorenci  should  be 
conveyed  by  the  means  best  adapted  for  the  purpose. 

The  works  required  for  the  line  thus  far  described  would  be, 
a  lovv  dam  of  cut  stone  masonry  placed  across  the  Montmo- 
renci, at  the  head  of  the  Rapids  at  Station  '^,  with  a  length 
estimated  at  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet,  and  from  four  to  six 
feet  high  above  its  foundation  on  the  rock,  supposed  to  extend 
across  under  the  river- 

The  Receiving  Well,  or  Fountain  Head  Chamber,  to  be  of 
hydraulic  stone  masonry,  placed  in  connection  with  the  south 
end  of  the  dam,  over  an  excavated  pit  in  the  rock  on  the  shore, 
where  it  would  be  well  protected  from  the  violence  of  freshets, 
by  the  projecting  rocky  point  immediately  above  it.  Besides 
the  natural  defence,  there  would  be  a  heavy  protecting  wall, 
both  above  and  below  the  dam. 

At  the  chamber,  the  conduit,  whatever  its  form,  would  have 
its  origin  ;  and  from  thence  be  constructed  on  or  near  the  sur- 
veyed line,  as  far  as  Station  25,  where  a  new  line  should  be 
taken  more  direct  than  that  of  the  survey,  represented  on  the 
plan,  as  passing  along  the  cart  path  in  the  woods ;  the  new 
line  would  unite  again  with  the  line  run,  at  or  near  the  proposed 
Subsiding  Reservoir,  at  Station  46.  But  for  present  purposes 
we  have  assumed  the  distance  by  the  new  line,  to  be  the  same 
as  that  actually  measured,  notwithstanding  it  is  quite  certain 
that  a  shorter  route  would  be  adopted. 

On  the  profile  of  the  route,  (No.  4,)  the  two  parallel  lines 
following  the  surface  of  the  ground,  represent  the  top  and  bot- 
tom of  an  aqueduct,  so  large  that  it  would  be  possible  to  examine 
it  inside  at  any  time  by  closing  the  gate  at  the  receiving  well ; 
or  by  wading  through  it  without  shutting  off  the  water.  The 
least  dimensions  that  could  be  given  to  a  conduit  to  allow  of  its 


111 : 


47 


being  thus  examined,  and  repaired,  if  necessary,  without  dis- 
turbing the  soil  over  it,  has  been  fixed  at  five  feet  for  the  height, 
with  a  width  of  three  feet  at  the  spring  of  a  semicircular  arch  of 
eighteen  inches  radius  ;  and  two  fe«.i  at  the  spring  of  the  invert 
at  the  bottom  —  all  inside  measures. 

kiuch  an  pqueduct  would  be  capable  of  discharging  at  Station 
36,  the  termination  of  the  first  slope  (calling  the  fall  to  that 
point  13.24  feet)  40.52  cubic  feet  per  second  when  running  full 
without  pressure.  This  quantity  is  more  than  seven  limes  that 
required  for  Quebec  with  100,000  inhabitants.  Of  course,  the 
conduit  below,  from  Station  36  to  42,  and  on  to  46  at  the 
Subsiding  Reseivoir,  would  be  much  more  capable  of  convey- 
ing the  same  quantity  of  water,  because  the  inclination  of  the 
slope  is  greater.  An  Aqueduct  sa  constructed,  would  be  capa- 
ble of  turning  into  the  valley  of  the  River  Beauport  a  large 
amount  of  water  —  which  might  be  very  conveniently  used,  in 
its  descent  of  470  feet,  to  the  tide  water  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
for  manufacturing  purposes,  and  would  resemble  precisely  in 
this  respect,  the  Shaw's  Water  Works  at  Greenock,  Scotland. 
There  the  fall  down  to  the  Clyde  is  513  feet,  and  the  water, 
besides  its  use  for  supplying  the  inhabitants,  drives  two  lines  of 
mills  in  its  descent,  through  separate  districts  of  the  town  ;  one 
line  consisting  of  eighteen,  the  other  of  nineteen  mills.  The 
annual  available  water  of  these  Works  is  stated  to  be 
700,000,000  cubic  feet  per  year,  including  the  supply  to  the 
town.  The  Aqueduct  under  consideration  would  discharge  in 
a  year  526,400,000  cubic  feet  more  than  the  Greenock  supply, 
calling  the  discharge  only  seven  times  as  much  as  Quebec 
would  require,  as  before  stated. 

The  Aqueduct  or  Conduit  above  considered  is  not  admitted 
into  the  estimate  which  follows,  as  its  construction  would 
probably  depend  upon  some  such  consideration  as  that  just 
mentioned.  Its  length  would  be,  if  executed  on  the  line  sur- 
veyed, 15,306  feet,  or  2.90  miles ;  and  it  would  cost,  construct- 
ed on  the  same  line,  ^5.06  per  foot  run,  or  $77,448  for  the 
whole  distance,  without  including  the  works  at  either  extremity. 
Much  of  its  masonry  might  be  composed  of  the  stratified 
limestone  in  the  vicinity,  so  well  calculated  for  such  a  structure. 
'  The  conduit  adopted  in  the  estimate  would  be  of  brick,  of  a 
cylindrical  form,  laid  in  hydraulic  mortar,  two  bricks  or  eight 


m 


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48 


inches  thick.  Its  interior  diameter  to  be  1.80  feet  —  to  be 
bedded  in  earth  out  of  the  reach  of  frosts.  It  would  have  one 
uniform  slope  from  Station  0  lo  46,  and  would  probably  be 
located  along  the  side  hill  south  of  the  surveyed  line  from  Sta- 
tion 28  to  40.  The  total  fall  to  the  surface  of  the  Subsiding 
Reservoir  at  Station  46,  would  be  61.24  feet,  and  the  distance 
allowed  to  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  survey,  viz.  15,306  feet. 

This  conduit  being  small  like  a  cast  iron  pipe,  could  not  be 
examined  or  repaired,  otherwise  than  by  the  usual  process  of 
uncovering  it.  The  mean  velocity  of  the  water  as  it  would 
flow  by  the  force  of  gravity  alone,  would  be  4.20  feet  per  second, 
a  velocity  sufficient  to  carry  along  broken  stone  like  road  metal 
(Pierres  cassees,  silex),  whether  the  pipe  was  full  or  half  full 
of  \.  "ter.  We  ought  not,  therefore,  to  anticipate  any  obsf  ac- 
tion from  sand  or  even  coarse  gravel  and  pebbles.  I 
charge  when  running  half  full  would  be  just  sufficient  to  Su,^piy 
Quebec  with  the  quantity  of  water  proposed,  viz.  480,000 
cubic  feet  in  twenty-four  hours.  When  running  full  without 
hydraulic  pressure  from  a  head  of  water  at  its  origin,  the 
discharge  would  be  just  double,  or  very  nearly  double  that 
quantity. 

Cast  iron  pipes  couid  be  substituted  for  the  conduit  on  this 
division  of  the  line  ;  they  would  be  better  on  some  accounts, 
but  would  cost  more  if  possessing  the  same  capacity  of  dis- 
charge. A  cast  iron  pipe  just  sufficient  to  carry  the  supply  of 
5.55  cubic  feet  a  second,  from  Three  Falls  to  the  Subsiding 
Reservoir,  would  have  a  diameter  of  1.40  feet,  and  if  it 
extended  the  whole  distance  from  Three  Falls  to  the  Distribu- 
ting Reservoir  in  Quebec,  its  diameter  would  be  1.48  feet ;  the 
distance  being  52,153  feet,  or  9.88  miles,  and  the  fall  157.24 
feet.  The  diameter  of  the  pipe  proposed  in  the  estimate  lead- 
ing from  the  Subsiding  Reservoir,  at  Station  47,  to  the  Dis- 
tributing Reservoir  in  the  city,  is  1.52  feet ;  calling  ihe  fall 
96  feet,  and  the  distance  36,374  feet,  or  6.89  miles. 

The  position  of  the  Subsiding  Reservoir,  in  section,  is  seen 
on  the  profile,  (No.  4,)  extending  between  Sections  46  and 
47,  a  distance  of  473  feet.  The  area  of  the  reservoir  at  high 
water  level  would  be  450x584=262,800  square  feet,  or  6.03 
acres.  The  cubic  contents,  when  filled  eight  feet  deep  to  high 
water  level,  neglecting  the  parts  below  the  depth  of  eight  feet, 


49 


would  be  1,972,779  cubic  feet,  or  4.11  days'  supply  for  the 
city.  The  appendages  to  this  reservoir  have  been  assumed  as 
the  same  in  form  and  cost  as  those  at  Lorette. 

From  the  Subsiding  Reservoir  the  cast  iron  conduit  of 
f  3ssure  V  ould  follow  with  the  line  of  the  survey,  crossing  the 
St.  Michel  road  at  Mr.  Jones's  farm,  passing  between  his  house 
and  barn,  and  over  the  flat  cultivated  fields,  and  through  two 
patches  of  wood,  crossing  the  Beauport  and  St.  Michel  road, 
half  a  mile  south  of  Belanger's  Cross.  The  line  thence  con- 
tinues across  a  small  brook  to  the  western  extremity  of  a  swell 
of  ground,  which,  with  indications  of  rock,  is  too  high  to  allow 
the  line  to  pass  in  a  straight  course  from  the  Subsiding  Reser- 
voir to  Quebec.  From  the  point  of  this  hill  the  line  is  deflect- 
ed more  directly  towards  the  city,  and  passes  down  the  hill 
through  Edward  Clouette's  garden,  and  over  the  smooth  fields 
south  of  his  house,  to  the  River  Beauport,  twenty-two  chains 
north  of  Dr.  Racey's  isolated  farm-house  It  thence,  passing 
three  chains  west  of  that  house  on  the  same  direct  course, 
strikes  that  remarkable  boulder  rock,  located  on  the  high  crest 
of  the  steep  side  hill  which  descends  to  the  Beauport  turnpike, 
between  the  Ruisseau  la  Topiere  and  the  River  Beauport. 

At  this  point  we  find  the  fall  from  the  Subsiding  Reservoir's 
high  water  level,  is  but  half  the  whole  descent  to  high  water  of 
spring  tides ;  consequently  there  would  not  be  the  same  pres- 
sure on  the  pipes  here,  that  there  would  be  at  the  same  distance 
from  the  city  on  the  Lorette  line  —  for  on  that  line  it  is  6. 15 
miles  from  the  city  to  where  the  same  height  is  attained  at  the 
boulder,  only  4.03  miles  from  the  city. 

From  the  boulder  the  line  continues  on  the  same  general 
course,  passing  at  Station  84  on  the  brow  of  the  deep  ravine, 
which  the  La  Topiere  has  excavated  in  the  soft  shale  rock ; 
and  at  Station  89,  passes  two  or  three  chains  east  of  Mr. 
Methot's  house  and  nail  factory ;  crossing  La  Topiere  brook 
and  valley  twice  before  passing  through  the  premises  of  Messrs. 
Richardson  and  Clackmire.  At  this  point  the  line  enters  and 
follows  the  Beauport  turnpike  to  the  toll-house  at  Station  107  ; 
thence  along  the  site  of  the  old  road  to  the  left  bank  of  the 
River  St.  Charles,  at  the  north  abutment  of  the  Old  Dorchester 
Bridge,  at  Station  108. 

A  better  route  might  be  found  to  avoid  the  inconvenience 
7 


I 


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n  ; 


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50 


and  expense  of  crossing  La  Topiere  brook  so  often,  by  diverg- 
ing at  Station  88,  passing  across  the  brook  between  the  two 
lower  mills  and  descending  the  fields  to  the  wood  and  brook 
valley  in  rear  of  Richardson  and  Clackmire's  houses,  thence 
across  the  estate  of  Dr.  Douglass,  entering  the  turnpike,  wear 
Station  99,  twenty  chains  nearer  the  city  than  the  other  line 
does. 

In  crossing  the  River  St.  Charles,  just  below  the  site  of  the 
Old  Dorchester  Bridge,  tne  same  general  course  the  line  has 
from  Station  107  to  108,  is  kept  until  we  reach  the  right  bank 
at  low  water  mark ;  provided  the  pipe  is  carried  under  the 
channel  of  the  river.  But  if  a  stone  bridge,  like  that  on  the 
Lorette  line  be  adopted,  the  angle,  necessary  for  turning  the 
pipe  up  towards  Crown  street,  would  be  in  the  channel,  as 
represented  by  the  bend  in  the  line  on  the  plan  (No.  3,)  about 
one  chain  short  of  the  abovementioned  point  at  low  water 
mark.  Should  Crown  street  not  be  extended  as  an  improve- 
ment already  designed,  and  there  should  be  objection  to  laying 
the  pipe  on  the  flats,  the  line  might  be  extended  to  near  high 
water  mark,  where  the  angle  could  be  made,  and  the  line 
deflected  through  Water  street  to  the  surveyed  line  in  Crown 
street  between  Station  111  and  112,  passing  along  the  east 
side  of  the  Marine  Hospital  Yard.  Whether  the  pipe  is  car- 
ried over  the  river  by  a  bridge,  or  under  the  channel;  in  the 
way  hereafter  describet^  it  would  pass  straight  through  Crown 
street,  and  up  the  bluff  to  the  Lorette  line,  i.t  Station  38,  foot 
of  St.  Claire  street.  The  remainder  of  the  Montmorenci  line, 
from  this  junction  to  the  Distributing  Reservoir,  at  Station  21|, 
would  coincide  in  every  respect,  except  in  the  size  of  the  pipe, 
with  the  line  from  Lorette. 

The  estimate  has  been  confined  to  the  plan  of  passing  under 
the  St.  Cii'irles,  instead  of  the  safer,  but  more  expensive  struc- 
ture of  a  bridge,  like  the  one  proposed  on  the  other  line. 
Here,  there  would  be  an  objection  to  a  stone  bridge,  arising 
from  its  lower  position  on  the  river,  where  it  would  interfere 
to  bome  extent  with  the  navigation,  tl.  ■'re  being  two  or  three 
ship  yards,  and  q  few  wharves,  abovt  the  site.  Owing  to  the 
lowness  of  the  ground  on  both  sides  of  the  river  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  crossing  pluce,  and  the  necessity  there  is  of  keeping  the 
bridge  high,  (see  the  dotted  line  on  the  profile)  to  give  free 


I!    f: 


51 


water  way  under  it,  the  pipe  must  ascend  to  and  descend  from 
the  bridge,  causing  two  low  places  in  the  line,  both  of  which 
must  be  provided  with  waste  eocks  and  their  appurtenances  ; 
and  on  the  bridge  an  air  valve  must  be  applied.  Could  Crown 
street  be  graded  high  enough  to  be  on  a  level  with  the  top  of 
the  bridge,  to  do  which  would  require  an  embankment  over 
flats  of  about  twenty-five  feet  high  on  an  average,  one  of  the 
cocks  and  the  air  valve  could  be  dispensed  with. 

Although  there  are  some  objections  to  a  stone  bridge  at  this 
place,  we  think  they  are  not  of  such  a  character  that  they 
could  not  be  obviated,  should  the  city  desire  such  a  work  for 
th«j  public  accommodation  as  a  highway,  in  conjunction  with 
tho  water  works,  and  other  improvements  in  the  vicinity. 
The  cost  of  a  bridge  of  the  same  dimensions  as  that  on  the 
Lorette  line,  may  be  called  the  same  on  this  —  excluding  the 
approaches  —  which  on  both  lines  might  be  considered  charge- 
able to  the  public  highways,  or  valuable  for  other  purposes, 
such  as  wharves,  &;c. 

The  estimate  for  crossing  under  the  riirer  here,  will  serve  to 
show  that  a  considerable  saving  in  the  cost  of  the  work  could 
be  made,  by  adopting  that  plan.  The  question  arises,  will  the 
pipe  be  safe,  and  can  it  be  repaired,  should  it  be  practicable  to 
do  the  work  as  designed  ?  We  think  it  is  practicable  to  execute 
the  work,  and  make  the  repairs  afterwards.  It  is  desirable, 
however,  to  avoid  the  many  contingencies  to  which  it  is 
exposed,  in  a  work  like  that  of  supplying  100,000  mhabitants 
with  an  article,  to  be  deprived  of  which,  for  a  single  day, 
would  create  an  excitement  little  short  of  a  civil  disturbance  of 
a  very  serious  character. 

It  is  proposed,  in  carrying  out  this  design,  of  bedding  the 
pipe  in  the  bottom  of  the  viver ;  to  build  a  large,  deep  well  at 
the  angle,  alluded  to  above,  as  being  at  low  water  mark  on  the 
city  shore  of  the  river.  The  well  would  be  sunk  a  few  feet 
below  the  level  of  the  conduit,  as  it  would  be  laid  under  the 
river.  In  the  well  the  conduit  would  be  provided  with  a  waste 
cock  and  pipe  for  the  discharge  at  will,  from  time  to  time,  of 
the  water  and  any  deposites  there  might  be.  The  well  to  be 
furnished  with  pumps  for  readily  drpining  it  —  and  covered  by 
a  house  of  brick  masonry. 

Frohi  this  well  it  is  propop'^d  to  drive  a  double  row  of  heavy 


ffl 


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p. 


WW 


52 


H  ^ 


sheet  piling,  six  feet  apart,  or  less,  in  the  two  directions  in 
which  the  pipe  would  enter  and  leave  the  well.  The  piles  to 
be  jointed,  tongued  and  grooved,  and  eight  or  nine  inches  thick. 
The  use  of  these  piles  is  twofold ;  the  first  is  to  give  facilities 
for  laying  down  the  pipe  and  repairing  it  afterwards,  as  occa- 
sion requires  ;  the  second,  to  prevent  the  conduit  from  accident, 
in  case  a  vessel  or  other  heavy  body  should  ground  over  it. 

The  well,  situated  as  it  would  be  in  the  river,  exposed  to 
accidents  from  floating  bodies,  must  be  protected ;  for  this 
purpose,  it  is  proposed  to  build  a  wharf  about  it,  connected 
with  the  shore  on  the  city  side ;  the  wharf  to  be  one  hundred 
feet  wide  by  about  two  hundred  feet  long  ;  the  sides  at  right 
angles  with  the  continuation  of  Crown  Street.  Such  a  wharf 
would  be  valuable  for  a  landing  place  and  appendage  to  the 
ship-yard,  situated  on  the  shore  at  its  base.  Should  a  wooden 
bridge  be  built  here,  the  wharf  would  serve  for  its  south 
abutment ;  and  (after  the  flats  were  filled  in,  as  contemplated, 
at  the  foot  of  Crown  Street,)  a  very  desirable  avenue 
would  be  opened  into  the  city  from  the  Charlesbourg  road 
and  Beauport  turnpike,  supposing  the  latter  was  again  opened 
from  the  Toll  House  to  the  site  of  the  Old  Dorchester  Bridge. 
In  connection  with  sjch  an  improvement,  a  street  might  be 
opened  in  line  with  the  bridge  and  turnpike,  across  the  ship- 
yard and  Marine  Hospital  Grounds  into  Dorchester  Street. 
Should  it  be  determined,  for  considerations  not  connected 
with  the  Water  Works,  to  fill  in  the  flats  or  beach  between  the 
wharf  and  present  foot  of  Crown  Street,  much  of  the  expense 
of  laying  the  conduit  in  the  first  instance,  and  afterwards  in 
repairs  should  they  ever  be  needed,  would  be  saved.  The 
pipe  in  that  case  would  be  turned  up  from  the  bottom  of  the 
well,  to  the  proper  depth  under  the  surface  of  the  street,  and 
would  then  be  accessible  at  all  times.  Great  care  should, 
however,  be  taken  to  consolidate  the  filling  immediately  under 
the  conduit,  in  order  to  prevent  unequal  subsidence,  and  the 
consequent  ruptures  of  the  joints. 

Tl:e  general  character  of  the  Montmorenci  Line,  as  to  the 
quality  of  the  soil  for  trenching  and  evenness  of  surface,  proves 
much  more  favorable  than  the  aspect  of  the  country  at  first 
promised  ;  a  few  places  only  out  of  the  city  were  found  v/here 
rock  appeared,  or  was  indicated  ;  and  at  those  places,  except 
at  Three  Falls,  this  rock  would  be  easy  to  quarry,  being  either 


PI!, 


53 


the  thin  loose  stratified  limestone,  like  that  seen  near  the  Beau- 
port  Church  ;  or  the  soft  slate  formation,  like  that  in  the  great 
scarps  at  the  foot  of  the  Montniorenci  Falls.  The  points 
alluded  to  are  :  —  At  Three  Falls,  between  Stations  0  and  4  — 
at  the  road  leading  from  Belanger's  Cross  to  Lamotte's,  be- 
tween Stations  55  and  56,  where  an  open  quarry  of  stratified 
limestone  in  Verret's  field  was  crossed  by  the  line :  —  at  the  point 
of  the  hill  through  Minville's  field  from  Station  64  to  69,  where 
the  loose  stratified  limerock  was  indicated,  but  not  seen  above 
the  ground,  by  the  numerous  small  fragment  of  that  rock 
strewed  over  the  surface :  —  also  on  the  crest  of  the  Beauport 
side  hill  at  the  Great  Boulder,  between  Station  77  and  80 ; 
here  the  soft  slate  rock  might  be  reached  in  the  deeper  cut- 
ting, for  it  shows  itself  in  the  sides  of  the  ravine  of  the  brook 
La  Topiere,  opposite  Station  84.  "Within  the  city  what  rock 
is  found  is  considered  common  to  both  lines. 


ESTIMATE  OF    COST  OF   THE  MONTMORENCI  LINE  OF   AQUEDUCT. 

Length  of  Surveyed  Line  from  Three  Falls  to  the  Ursuline 
Nuns  Lot,         ....  52,15o  I'eet  or  9.88  miles. 

Length  of  Conduit  in  masonry  from  Station  0  to  Station  46, 
at  Reservoir  of  Subsidence,       ,  .  5,306  feet  or  2.90  miles. 

Length  of  Conduit  in  cast  iron,  from  Station  47  to  Station 
21j,  at  the  Ursuline  Lot,  .        .  36,374  fen  or  6.8i)  miles. 

Fall  from  surface  of  still  water  above  Three  Fall  at  Statio.. 
0,  to  the  surface  of  the  proposed  Reservoir  of  Subsidence,  be- 
tween Station  46  and  47,  ....        61.24  feet. 

Fall  from  surface  of  Reservoir  of  Subsidence,  to  surface  of 
Distributing  Reservoir  in  city,  ....        96.oo  leet. 

Whole  fall  from  Station  0  at  Three  Falls  to  Station  21j,  at 
Distributing  Reservoir  in  city,  ....      157.24  feet. 

"Whole  fall  from  Station  0  at  Three  Falls  to  High"W:'  f 
Spring  Tides  at  Quebec,  ....       487.24  feet. 

The  dimensions  of  the  cast  iron  conduit,  and  the  computa- 
tion relating  to  the  discharge  of  the  conduit  in  masonry,  already 
noticed,  have  been,  as  on  the  Lorette  Line,  computed  from 
Prony's  Formulee,  using  the  data  given  above  ;  and  supposing 
the  iron  pipes  or  conduits  in  masonry  to  be  of  one  uniform 
section  throughout  their  lengths.  In  other  respects,  this  esti- 
mate is  governed  by  the  same  rules  that  were  adopted  for  the 
Lorette  Line. 


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The  foregoing  estimates  show  the  whole  cost  of  introducing 
a  full  supply  of  water  for  one  hundred  thousand  inhabitants, 
and  distributing  it  to  the  present  population,  to  be  nearly  the 
same  by  either  route  ;  the  difference  being  ^6270.13,  and  in 
favor  of  the  Montmorenci  line.  There  are  other  considera- 
tions of  more  consequence  in  favor  of  that  route,  than  this  small 
difference  of  cost.  For  instance,  in  case  a  supply  double  that 
now  contemplated  should  ever  be  demanded,  the  cost  of 
bringing  it  to  the  city  would  be  less  by  about  $17,000  by  that 
line  than  by  the  Lorette,  on  account  of  the  difference  of  4321 
feet  in  the  length  of  the  pipe  from  the  Subsiding  to  the  Dis- 
tributing Reservoir,  omitting  the  estimate  for  earth  and  rock 
work,  being  nearly  the  same  for  each.  Another  consideration 
that  may  be  mentioned  as  favorable  to  the  Montmorenci  line 
is,  that  the  water  would  not  pass  quite  so  far  through  an  iron 
pipe  in  its  course  to  the  city.  It  would,  of  course,  be  some- 
what less  impregnated  with  dissolved  iron  rust,  should  the 
water  have  the  effect  of  corroding  the  pipe.* 

A  third  consideration  is  that  already  mentioned  of  the  value 
of  the  surplus  water,  delivered  at  or  near  the  Subsiding  Reser- 
voir, for  mill  purposes,  which  could  be  used  whenever  there 
should  be  a  demand  for  it.  On  the  other  hand,  we  think  that 
the  Lorette  line  has  a  decided  advantage  in  the  simplicity  and 
safety  of  the  required  works,  and  should  we  be  left  to  decide 
on  our  present  information,  should  choose  this  source.  The 
fact  that  the  Fountain  Head  is  nearly  on  a  level  with  a  large 
natural  reservoir  (Lake  St.  Charles),  which  can  be  made  avail- 


*  The  following  is  copied  from  a  French  translation  of  an  English  description  of  the 
Greenock  Water  Works,  Scotland :  —  "  L'eau  destinee  h.  la  consommation  doniestique 
des  habitans,  aux  rufliiieries  dc  sucre  et  autres  besoins,  devant  6tre  pure,  est  r^unie  dans 
des  r^servoii's  disposes  k  part  pour  cet  objet ;  on  n'y  laisse  arriver  que  le  moins  possible 
d'eau  maricageusc.  On  a  aussi  6tabli  un  aqueduc  s6par6  pour  porter  cette  eau  aux 
iiltres,  exactement  audessus  de  la  ville,  oil  I'on  a  construit  ^galement  un  reservoir  assez 
itendu  pour  contenir  I'approvisionnement  d'un  peu  plus  d'un  jour  en  eau  filtrie  Cet 
aqu6duc,  qui  a  quinzo  pouces  plcins  en  oarr^,  est  impermeable  h  l'eau ;  il  est  form^  de 
pierres  appurcillees  avee  soiu  et  bicn  cimcntcts ;  il  coAte  un  peu  moins  que  le  tiers  du 
prix  d'un  tuyau  de  fonte  des  in^mcs  dimensions,  Pnrtout  oA  la  pression  n'est  pas 
grande,  un  conduit  de  cette  espice  est  preferable  il  un  tuyau  en  fonte,  attendu  que  l'eau 
qui  coule  sur  la  pierro  est  plutot  amelior^o  que  d6terior6e ;  il  n'en  est  pas  de  m^me  aveo 
le  fer.  Dans  cet  aqu6duc,  qui  est  ciiforc6  asscz  profonddment  en  terre  poiu:  ^viter  I'in- 
iluencc  des  gelces  et  des  grandes  chaleurs,  on  forme  des  puisards  pour  la  d^put  des 
sedimeus,  pan^u  qu'il  iniporto  que  I'eaj,  avant  d'entrer  dans  les  Iiltres,  soit  aussi  pure  que 
la  nature  des  choses  pent  le  pemiettre." 


59 


able  for  equalizing  the  supply  at  Lorette  during  long  continued 
periods  of  dry  or  cold  weather,  produces  a  certainty  that  the 
water  need  never  be  cut  off  by  such  vicissitudes  —  while  on  the 
Montmorenci  no  such  reservoir  exists  to  our  knowledge,  within 
the  same  distance  of  the  proposed  source  of  the  Aqueduct  at 
Three  Falls.  Still  we  feel  every  confidence  in  the  sufficiency 
of  this  last  named  stream,  and  should  the  city,  for  any  reason, 
wish  to  use  its  water  in  preference  to  that  of  the  St.  Charles,  it 
is  our  opinion  that  it  would  be  safe  to  do  so. 

To  complete  this  work  according  to  the  estimates,  demands 
an  expenditure  of  a  large  capital ;  and  it  may  be  asked,  if 
there  is  no  way  to  curtail  the  work  to  make  the  expense  at  the 
outset,  light  r  for  the  citizens  or  any  party  who  undertake  its 
execution.  This,  we  think,  is  practicable  to  a  certain  extent, 
but  in  a  degree  dependent  upon  contingencies,  to  be  discovered 
only  by  further  and  more  particular  investigation.  It  may  be 
found,  on  examination,  that  the  Subsiding  Reservoir  on  either 
line  selected  could  be  dispensed  with  ;  their  chief  office  being, 
by  checking  the  motion  of  the  water,  to  allow  it  to  deposit  the 
heavy  particles  of  floating  matter  which  the  river  may  at  times 
contain,  at  the  origin  of  the  Aqueduct.  I  am  inclined  to 
believe,  from  what  I  have  been  enabled  to  see,  that  waters 
much  more  highly  charged  with  sediment  than  either  of  these 
streams,  are  very  often  allowed  to  enter  the  pipes  of  Distribu- 
tion in  some  of  the  large  cities  in  England  or  Scotland.  The 
character  of  the  sediment  here  is  probably  a  sand,  coarser  or 
finer  according  to  the  violence  of  the  flood,  and  is  not  like  that 
produced  where  the  river  drains  a  clayey  district. 

The  city  Reservoir  could  not  be  permanently  dispensed 
with,  but  it  is  possible  to  do  without  it  for  a  few  years,  until 
the  water  gets  into  general  use,  or  until  that  time  when  the 
discharge  of  the  conduit  under  the  pressure  of  its  standard 
head,  shall  be  equal  to  the  maximum  draught  of  the  water- 
takers  during  any  portion  of  the  day. 

Should  the  water  prove  pure  enough  to  be  drawn  directly 
from  the  St.  Charles  at  Freeman's  Dam,  and  should  we  post- 
pone the  construction  of  the  Distributing  Reservoir  in  the  city, 
the  estimate  of  cost  of  the  whole  work,  with  the  two  reservoirs 
omitted,  would  stand  as  follows :  — 


i> 


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60 


SECOND  ESTIMATE,  (Lorette  Line.) 

OMITTING    THE    SUBSIDINQ    AND    DISTRIBUTING    RESERVOIRS. 


Quantities 


Dam,  abutment,  cylindrical  conduit,  re- 
ceiving well  and  apparatus,  &c.,  ac- 
cording to  first  estimate 

Excavation  for  cast  iron  pipe,  from  re 
ceiving  well  to  Station  118,  including 
enlarging  trench  for  hubs 

Embankment  between  same  points 

Cast  iron  conduit  laid,  exclusive  of  earth 
work  between  same  points 

Earth  and  rock  work,  including  bridge 
over  the  St.  Charles,  culverts,  dam- 
ages, &c.  from  Station  118  to  Station 
21ji  in  the  city.    Per  first  estimate 

Cast  iron  conduit  18  inches  diameter,  1^ 
inches  thick,  laid,  exclusive  of  earth 
and  rock  work  between  same  points 
Per  first  estimate  .... 

Distribution  in  the  city.  Per  former 
estimate         ..... 

Contingencies,  engineering,  &c.  8  pr.  ct< 

Total  cost  of  water  works 


47,640 

5,848 
980 


cub.  ft 


feet. 


40,705 


$588,260j52 


Conceiving  there  may  be  different  opinions  in  regard  to  the 
proper  thickness  for  the  pipe  in  the  country,  a  third  estimate  is 
given,  in  which  the  thickness  of  metal  is  supposed  to  be  one 
inch ;  the  estimate  in  every  other  respect  remaining  the  same 
as  the  second. 

THIRD  ESTIMATE,  (Lorette  Line.) 

PIPE  CALLED   ONE   INCH   THICK. 


Quantities. 

Price 
cts. 

Dolls. 

cts 

Amount  of  the  second  estimate,  exclusive 
of  the  item  for  the  cast  iron  conduit ; 
contingencies  and  engineering 

Cast  iron  conduit  18  inches  diameter,  1 
inch  thick,  laid,  exclusive  of  earth  and 
rock  works,  from  the  receiving  well  to 
Station  21i  in  the  city  . 

Contingencies,  &c.        8  per  cent.    . 

t      *           •           • 

>  41,685 

•         • 

•         • 

feet. 

• 

358 

• 

361,678 
149,232 

72 
30 

510.911 
40,872 

03 

88 

Total  cost  of  water  works    . 

$551,783 

90 

I 


J 


61 


The  price  of  the  pipes  adopted  in  the  estimates,  has  been 
based  on  information  obtained  by  letter  from  Mr,  Peebles,  in 
Scotland,  who  was  then  (March  22, 1848,)  paying  at  the  rate 
of  £5  15s.  for  spiggot  and  faucet  pipes,  intended  for  the 
Quebec  Gas  Works ;  he  also  states  the  price  of  freight  from 
the  Clyde  to  Quebec,  varied  from  9s.  to  125.  lOd.  per  ton. 
Using  these  prices,  and  adding  for  other  probable  charges, 
duties,  and  allowances,  we  deemed  it  perfectly  safe  to  affix  the 
price  we  have,  viz.  1^  cents  per  pound  of  iron. 

The  other  prices  used  in  the  estimate  have  been  obtained 
from  various  sources,  most  of  them  from  authentic  information 
procured  at  Quebec,  and  all  are,  we  trust,  sufficiently  correct 
for  the  general  purposes  of  the  investigation. 

We  are,  perhaps,  not  so  well  prepared,  or  so  capable  of 
estimating  the  probable  income  from  the  water  works  as  per- 
sons more  familiar  with  the  wants  and  habits  of  the  citizens, 
and  who  would  better  know  to  what  extent  the  water  would 
be  wanted  for  large  establishments,  such  as  stables,  refineries, 
distilleries,  tanneries,  and  other  manufactories.  We  may, 
however,  aid  in  this  inquiry  by  referring  to  results  in  other 
cities,  where  the  circumstances  are  analogous.  It  has  been  for 
this  object  that  we  have  taken  some  pains  to  introduce  in  the 
Appendix,  statistical  tables  relating  to  various  water  works  in 
the  United  States,  England  and  Scotland,  (see  Appendix,  B, 
C,  D,  E.)  The  table  (E)  relating  to  Fairmount  Water 
Works,  shows  the  average  annual  charge  to  a  tenant  in  Phila- 
delphia, from  the  first  year  of  supply  in  1801,  to  1845,  using 
only  the  numbers  given  in  column  13,  to  be  $5.67.  In  New 
York,  for  the  three  years  ending  May  1,  1847,  the  average  is 
$12.94,  more  than  double  the  maximum  annual  charge  ($6.23) 
of  the  former  city,  omitting  the  first  year,  1801.  In  Philadel- 
phia, the  usual  charge  for  a  house  of  the  common  class,  appears 
to  be  $5,  and  in  New  York,  for  a  house  with  two  stories, 
$10  ;  three  stories,  $12.  In  Boston  the  water  works  are  not 
completed,  and  we  do  not  know  what  the  charge  for  the  same 
class  of  houses  will  be;  but  probably  from  $7  to  $8.  In 
England  and  Scotland  the  rate  varies  considerably  in  the 
same  city ;  for  instance,  in  London,  the  range  is  from  15.47  to 
56.145.  per  house  per  annum,  or  from  3.71  to  $13.47.  The 
mean  annual  charge  made  by  the  five  water  companies  on  the 


Ji- 
ll. 


li 


IP 


62 


'li 


north  side  of  the  Thames,  comprising  the  years  1820  and  1827 
only,  was  very  nearly  305.  or  $7.20  per  house  per  annum. 
From  these  examples,  we  infer  that  people  living  in  cities, 
ordinarily  would  be  willing  to  pay  $7,  and  more,  for  the  use 
of  good  water ;  and  in  the  following  estimates  of  income,  that 
sum  has  been  adopted  as  the  average  rate,  which  the  tenants 
at  Quebec  would  be  willing  to  pay. 

At  page  14  we  have  assumed  the  population  of  the  city  to 
be,  at  the  end  of  thirty  years,  from  the  year  1847,  100,000 ; 
which  is  allowing  a  compound  increase  of  3.45  per  cent,  per 
annum  on  36,155,  the  population  of  the  city  in  1847.  With 
this  ratio  we  find  there  would  be  at  the  expiration  of  five  years, 
from  1847,  a  population  of  40,837 ;  and  at  the  expiration  of  ten 
years,  50,754. 

Now,  assuming  no  greater  proportion  of  residents  as  taking 
the  water,  than  was  found  to  prevail  at  Philadelphia,  that  is,  one 
water-taker  to  7|  of  the  population,  we  get  the  number  entered 
in  Column  3  of  the  following  table ;  and  supposing  each  taker 
to  pay  on  an  average  $7  per  annum  for  his  supply,  we  get  the 
income  entered  in  Column  4.  In  the  last  three  columns  are 
shown  the  interest  the  income  would  pay  on  the  capital  invest- 
ed in  the  works.  Column  5  giving  the  annual  rate  for  the  first 
estimate.  Column  6  that  for  the  second,  and  Column  7  for  the 
thurd  estimate. 


INCOME  COMPUTED  FOR  THE  LORETTE  LINE. 


J  i.if 
hi  .' 


ir  I 


o 


§ 

■s 

cs 

i: 


r 


1847, 
1852, 

1857, 


36, '.55 
42,837 
50,754 


2  o  i> 
o^  g 


4,930 
5,841 
6,921 


0. 


^-^  '^  » 

(I   V;  hn 

o  «  o 

8^  So 

a 


^ 


It-Is 

IS-W8 

X  cj  o  a_ 


$34,510 

40,887 
48,447 


$5.40 

6.'o 

7.58 


_>-'s  2 


i 


ill 

-"  >-  «  B 

0.ttT3   ^OO 
fc;  caT3  g.S 

„  «  §<  g  S 

V    M    X    f-^    n) 


$5.86 
6.95 
8.23 


a 

V 

1 


3^  «  a  3.2 

I  Ml 


&• 


<>i 


.25 
7.41 

8.78 


?  i 


\\H 


63 


This  table  shows  the  gross  income,  or  the  value  of  the  benefit 
to  be  derived  from  the  works,  if  executed  on  the  Lorette  Line, 
for  the  several  periods  stated,  based  on  the  three  estimates  of 
cost.  From  the  gross  income  the  charges  of  management  are 
to  be  deducted ;  which  in  this  case  must  be  very  light,  the 
work  being  so  simple,  and  so  little  liable,  as  it  ought  to  be,  to 
get  out  of  repair.  At  Philadelphia,  where  the  water  is  all 
pumped  for  the  supply,  the  charges  of  Distribution,  embracing 
the  repairs  and  cost  of  protecting  the  pipes  in  the  city,  appear 
to  be  (see  Appendix,  G,)  for  the  average  of  six  years,  from 
1840  to  1845,  inclusive,  nearly  ^4000  a  year; — Salaries, 
averaging,  the  same  years,  a  little  over  $4000  ;  and  Incidentals 
$950  a  year.  These  items,  except  that  of  distribution,  are  of 
course  augmented  above  what  they  would  be  if  the  supply 
was  furnished  simply  by  gravitation,  from  some  natural  source 
of  adequate  height,  as  proposed  here. 

If,  however,  we  suppose  them  to  be  the  same  at  Quebec,  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  tenants,  the  items  for  the  several 
periods  would  amount  to  the  following  sums : 


1847. 

1852. 

1857. 

Distribution  to  4930  tenants,  an.  expend.  := 

$786  03 

Do.        "  5841      "         *«          "      = 

$931  28 

Do.        "6921      "         ••         "      = 

$1103  47 

Salaries        ••4930     "         "         "      = 

808  09 

Do.       *'  5841      ••         '•         ••      = 

957  42 

Do.        •'6921      ••         "          ••      = 

1134  44 

Incidentals   •'  4930     ••         ••          '•      == 

188  83 

Do.        '•  5841      ••         ••         "      = 

223  73 

Do.        ••6921      '•         «•          •'      == 

265  10 

Total  annual  expenses  of  each  year, 

$1,782  95 

$2,112  43 

$2,503  01 

Deducting  these  expenses  from  the  income  entered  in  the 
4th  Column  of  the  former  table,  and  computing  on  the  balance, 
or  net  income,  (allowing  the  charges  to  be  alike  on  all  these 
estimates)  we  get  the  rate  per  cent,  or  interest  the  works 
would  yield,  thus : 

Rate  for     Rate       Rate 
1st  est.    2d  est.    3<l  e.st. 

For  1847,  net  income=$32,727,  yielding  an  interest  of  $5  12   $5  56   $5  93 

♦•    1852,   •'        "     =  38,775,         ••  ••  6  07      6  59      7  03 

"    1857,  ••        ••     =  45,944,        ••  •♦  7  19      7  81      8  33 

This  exhibit  of  the  probable  rates  of  income,  depending  upon 
the  amount  expended,  is,  we  think,  impartial,  and  has  for  its 


\>  ■ 


if 


i; 


i^>^<'.^r*M^^;.*\i.sP%*'"- 


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64 


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5  11 

rf  I 


support  much  evidence  in  the  results  of  other  works,  where  the 
original  projects  were  much  more  enveloped  with  difficulties, 
and  subjected  to  large  expenditures,  both  at  the  outset,  and  in 
the  necessity  of  afterwards  keeping  up  the  supply  by  artificial 

means. 

In  performing  the  field  work  on  which  this  report  is  based, 
valuaLle  aid  v/as  rendered  by  assistant  engineers,  Messrs.  Alf. 
Hamel  an^  E.  H.  Le  Gendre,  of  Quebec.  It  was  our  en- 
deavor to  make  the  surveys  as  full  and  perfect  as  circi:m- 
stances  and  time  would  permit.  There  was  but  one  line  on 
each  of  the  country  routes  run,  and  consequently  their  accu- 
racy has  not  been  tested  by  second  levellings;  still,  I  feel 
assured,  that,  if  any  errors  have  occurred,  they  must  be  trivial. 
In  the  city  the  greater  part  of  the  levellings  were  satisfactorily 
tested  by  completing  the  circuit. 

Most  respectfully  submitted, 

GEO.  R.  BALDWIN. 

Hon.  G.  Okill  Stuart, 

Mayor  of  die  city  of  Quebec. 


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APPENDIX     A. 


ANALYSIS   ON   THE   QUEBEC  WATERS. 


Report  on  the  Chemical  Examination  of  Samples  of  Natural 
Waters  from  the  Montmorenci  and  St.  Charles  Rivers.    By 

B.  SiLLIMAN,  Jr. 
To  George  R.  Baldwin,  Esq.,  Charlestown,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir,  —  Since  you  entrusted  to  my  care  the  san.ples  of 
water  from  the  vicinity  of  Quebec,  I  have  devoted  to  them 
such  time  and  attention  as  I  could  command,  directed  in  my 
inquiries  into  their  chemical  character  by  my  former  researches 
and  the  published  results  of  others.  The  number  of  samples 
received  from  you  was  nine,  numbered  consecutively,  but  be- 
ing taken,  as  I  am  informed,  from  the  rivers  Montmorenci  and 
St.  Charles  at  different  points  and  different  seasons.  Four  of 
them,  (viz.  Nos.  1,  3,  4,  and  5,)  are  from  the  Montmorenci. 

No.  1,  taken  at  Mr.  Patterson  s  dam,  near  the  top  of  the 
great  fall,  in  August,  1847.  Of  this  sample  only  about  one 
pint  was  supplied,  which  served  merely  as  a  means  of  com- 
parison in  the  general  properties  of  transparency,  taste,  smell, 
&;c.  as  well  also  as  in  a  very  general  way  for  the  main  chem- 
ical characters. 

No.  3,  was  also  taken  from  the  same  spot  with  No.  1,  but 
about  a  month  later,  and  was  also  furnished  in  only  a  very 
limited  quantity. 

No.  4,  was  taken  from  a  spot  one  mile  above  Three  Falls, 
on  the  8th  of  September,  1847,  at  a  time  when  the  river  was 
higher  than  when  No.  3  was  taken.  Of  this  sample  I  was  sup- 
plied with  about  one  gallon. 

No.  5.  This  sample  of  the  Montmorenci  water  was  taken 
up  on  the  24tlj  of  September,  1847,  at  the  bridge  of  Mr.  Pat- 
terson, above  the  great  fall,  and  was  supplied,  to  me  in  the 
quantity  of  about  two  gjiUons,  or  eight  quart  bottles. 

Of  the  waters  of  the  St.  Charles  River,  I  was  supplied  with 
four  different  samples,  viz.  Nos.  2,  6,  7,  8,  and  9.  No.  2  is 
from  Lake  St.  Charles,  near  its  lower  extremity,  and  was  taken 
in  August,  1847.    Only  one  small  bottle  was  furnished. 

No.  6,  is  from  the  St.  Charles,  at  the  dam  near  to  Indian 


iil 


06 


APPENDIX. 


Lorette,  and  was  taken  up  in  September,  1847,  The  quantity 
supplied  was  about  two  and  a  half  gallons. 

No.  7.  This  sample  of  the  same  river  is  from  Quebec, 
taken  up  at  the  old  bridge  near  the  Marine  Hospital,  at  ex- 
treme low  water,  on  the  26th  September  last. 

No.  8.  Water  of  the  St.  Charles,  just  above  the  bridge, 
taken  when  the  stream  was  about  twelve  or  fourteen  inches 
deep,  and  when  it  was  rendered  turbid  by  consequence  of  a 
fresh  wind  from  the  north  east,  and  at  low  tide. 

No.  9.  This  sample  was  from  the  "  Cul  de  Sac,"  at  low 
tide,  drawn  from  as  deep  a  place  as  it  can  be  procured  by  the 
carts  which  supply  the  city  of  Quebec  for  present  use.  This 
sample  was  taken  from  the  water-carrier's  barrel.  Of  the  last 
three  samples,  I  was  supplied  with  about  a  gallon  each,  or 
less. 

I  was  informed  that  the  two  samples,  5  and  6,  were  those  up- 
on which  it  was  desired  that  most  attention  should  be  bestowed, 
as  it  was  probable  that  one  of  these  two  would  be  selected  as 
the  source  of  supply. 

General  comparison  of  Physical  Properties.  Nos.  1,  3,  4  and 
5  being  from  the  same  source,  were  compared  with  each  other 
and  with  a  sample  of  pure  distilled  water,  all  being  in  bottles 
of  the  same  size  and  color.  No.  1  was,  in  this  comparison, 
the  most  colorless,  and  yet  not  so  transparent  as  No.  5,  which 
had  a  somewhat  darker  hue  of  faint  yellowish  color,  several 
shades  beyond  the  colorless  distilled  water,  and  No.  3  is  very 
similar  to  No.  1.  No.  4  is  the  most  highly  colored  and  least 
transparent  of  any  water  in  the  entire  series,  and  this  is  to  be 
accounted  for  from  the  fact  that  it  was  taken  up  at  a  time  of 
flood  in  the  river  when  much  extractive  vegetable  matter  was 
brought  in  from  the  tributary  streams.  The  color  of  this  water 
was  about  that  of  ordinary  commercial  spirits  of  wine.  The 
color  and  transparency  of  the  Montmorenci  waters  are  express- 
ed by  the  following  order  of  numbers,  beginning  with  the  best : 
Nos.  1,  3,  5,  4. 

The  odor  and  taste  of  all  these  samples  were  very  nearly  that 
of  pure  water  ;  only  in  No.  4,  could  be  perceived  a  feeble  odor 
resembling  swamp  water.  The  savor  was  that  of  ordinary  soft 
or  rain  water,  with  a  certain  degree  of  flatness,  due  in  great 
measure,  no  doubt,  to  one  fact,  that  the  samples  had  been  some 
time  in  bottles,  and  had  lost  a  portion  of  the  air  and  carbonic 
acid  which  lend  sprightliness  to  natural  waters  in  their  several 
sources. 

All  the  samples  were  quite  or  very  nearly  free  from  any 
sedimentary  matter  ;  a  few  flocculi  only  of  brownish  deposit 
being  perceptible  in  No.  4. 


SILLIMAN'S    ANALYSIS. 


67 


The  waters  of  the  St.  Charles,  (Nos.  2,  6,  7,  8  and  9)  as 
represented  in  the  samples  in  my  hands,  were  very  similar  to 
eacl.  ether  in  color  and  transparency.  The  sediment  in  Nos. 
8  and  9  is  much  more  considerable  than  in  either  of  the  pre- 
ceding samples ;  and  this  was  to  have  been  expected  from  the 
circumstances  under  which  they  were  collected.  No.  6  had 
much  the  color  which  was  found  in  the  Monlmorenci  water. 
No.  5,  but  perhaps  a  shade  darker,  and  a  very  light  brown 
gelatinous  precipitate  was  seen  on  the  bottom  of  the  vessel. 
Scarcely  any  odor  and  smell  could  be  detected  in  it,  and  after 
holding  a  quantity  of  it  in  the  mouth  for  a  considerable  time,  no 
harsh  or  disagreeable  taste  could  be  perceived.  Both  this  and 
No.  5  are,  in  my  opinion,  almost  faultless,  and  they  certainly 
possess  all  the  qualities  of  a  good  water  in  as  high  perfection 
as  any  natural  waters  which  I  have  ever  examined  ;  although, 
in  this  respect,  they  cannot  be  regarded  as  superior  to  Lake 
Cochituate,  (Long  Pond)  from  which  Boston  is  now  about  to 
receive  her  supply. 

The  remarks  just  made  regarding  the  odor  and  taste  of  No. 
6,  are  equally  applicable  to  Nos.  7  and  8,  although  the  entire 
amount  of  solid  contents  in  these  are  greater  than  in  the  former 
sample  from  Indian  Lorette. 

No.  9  is  an  odorless  and  insipid  water,  similar  to  No.  2.  It 
leaves  a  harsh  sensation  in  the  mouth  after  drinking,  and  is  de- 
cidedly a  hard  water. 

If  an  opinion  were  asked  for,  respecting  the  superiority  of  the 
waters  from  the  higher  sources  of  these  two  rivers,  I  should  be 
at  a  loss  which  to  choose.  The  water  from  the  falls  of  Mont- 
morenci  is  as  good  as  can  be  looked  for  in  any  limestone  re- 
gion ;  very  much  better,  of  course,  than  any  well  waters  of 
the  same  district  of  country,  and  perhaps  No.  5  is  preferable 
to  No.  6,  in  color  and  freedom  from  organic  matter.  These 
characters,  however,  are  liable  to  change  with  the  seasons,  and 
may  at  the  present  moment  be  reversed. 

The  geological  character  of  a  country  will  in  a  great  meas- 
ure determine  the  character  of  the  streams  flowing  through  it. 
It  must  be  remembered,  that  water  is  one  of  the  most  powerful 
solvents  known  to  chemists,  and  that  it  cannot  fall  upon  the 
surface  of  the  earth  without  becoming  impregnated,  to  some 
extent,  with  the  soluble  matters  of  the  rocks  and  soils  over 
which  it  runs.  In  a  country  of  granitic  rocks,  of  feldspar 
and  quartz,  and  the  various  minerals  which  constitute  the  ag- 
gregate, which  geologists  know  by  the  several  names  of  granite, 
gneiss,  mica  slate,  and  other  rocks  of  the  same  family ;  the 
streams  will  dissolve  out  the  silica  and  allumina,  the  magnesia 
and  lime,  the  potash  and  soda,  and  the  various  acids  which 


|i| 


APPENDIX. 


II    ' 

h 
I 

I'  * 

I  '■■ 


are  combined  with  these  constituents,  and  a  careful  analysis  of 
the  waters  of  a  given  region  may  enable  an  acute  chemist  to 
judge  with  considerable  certainty  of  the  mineral  nature  of  the 
country  from  what  he  finds  in  its  waters.  In  a  limestone  re- 
gion we  look  principally  for  lime  and  magnesia  in  the  natural 
waters,  and  have  little  reason  to  expect  the  presence  of  many 
other  ingredients  which  are  found  in  the  various  minerals  of  a 
primitive  country.  The  waters  of  a  limestone  region  are  gen- 
erally hard,  or  at  least  not  so  soft  as  those  of  a  granitic  region. 
The  quality  of  hardness  is  one  of  great  importance  to  be  known, 
and  is  owing,  usually,  and  I  believe  I  may  say  always,  to  the 
presence  of  soluble  salts  of  lime  and  magnesia  in  the  water. 
Soap  forms  an  insoluble  lime  compound,  lime-soap,  in  hard 
waters,  which  fills  the  water  with  a  white  curdy  precipitate, 
harsh  to  the  touch,  and  a  jerious  impediment  to  the  use  of  the 
water  for  many  domestic  purposes.  The  familiar  fact  that  a 
small  dose  of  wood-ashes,  or  of  sal-soda,  will  remedy  this  defect 
in  hard  waters,  is  owing  to  the  union  of  the  lime  with  the  car- 
bonic acid  from  the  alkali  of  the  ash  or  sal-soda,  and  the  pro- 
duction thereby  of  an  insoluble,  and  hence  innoxious  com- 
pound of  the  lime.  Perhaps  no  single  character  is  of  more 
importance  to  be  known  than  that  of  the  hardness  or  the  re- 
verse of  a  natural  water. 

In  this  particular  the  Quebec  waters  were  examined  by 
means  of  what  is  usually  known  as  the  "  soap  test^"  which  is 
a  saturated  alcoholic  solution  of  fine  hard  soap. 

This  test,  when  added  in  a  minute  quantity  to  soft  and  pure 
water,  produces  only  a  dehcate,  opaline  hue,  and  the  water 
containing  it  will  immediately  yield  a  bubble  or  froth  on  agi- 
tation. If  on  the  contrary  the  water  be  hard,  the  addition  of 
the  soap-test  to  it  at  once  produces  a  decided  precipitate  of  a 
curdy  white  appearance,  which  is  not  dissolved  by  the  addition 
of  any  larger  quantity  of  water.  The  harder  the  water  the 
more  of  the  soap-test  must  be  added  to  bring  it  to  that  point 
when  all  the  lime  salts  are  decomposed  and  the  water  becomes 
capable  of  bearing  a  bead  or  bubble.  A  carefully  conducted 
experiment  will  enable  the  chemist  to  form  an  accurate  esti- 
mate of  the  relative  value,  in  point  of  softness,  of  a  given  num- 
ber of  waters. 

♦  In  this  case  the  type  of  comparison  was  distilled  water. 
Calling  this  1,  and  an  eminently  hard  water  10,  the  several 
waters  had  the  following  relative  and  comparative  values  in 
respect  of  hardness :  Nos.  2  and  6  equal,  and  expressed  by  2, 
or  one  degree  less  soft  than  distilled  water.  Nos.  1,  3,  4  and 
5  equal  to  each  other,  and  expressed  by  3,  or  two  degrees  less 
soft  than  pure  water. 


silliman's  analysis. 


69 


Nos.  7  and  8  are  nearly  equal,  and  expressed  by  4,  while 
No.  9  is  decidedly  more  hard  than  either  of  the  series,  and  is 
expressed  by  7,  pure  water  being  1.  Comy)aring  the  best, 
that  is,  No.  fi,  in  this  respect,  with  the  Avater  of  Lake  Cochitu- 
ate  or  the  Croton,  the  preference  nnist  be  given  to  the  two 
latter  waters;  Nos.  5  and  6  would,  however ^  be  esteemed  as 
soft  :/aters,  and  are  quite  sufficiently  so  for  fJl  useful  purposes 
in  common  life. 

Effects  noticed  on  boiling'  these  waters.  1'he  process  of  boil- 
ing, in  waters  which  contain  matters  chem'cally  so  combined 
as  to  suffer  change  from  this  cause,  often  occasions  a  precipita- 
tion of  some  body  previously  held  in  solution.  From  this  cause 
the  culinary  vessels  employed  to  boil  the  waters  of  limestone 
regions,  soon  become  coated  to  an  inconvenient  degree  from 
the  deposit  of  carbonate,  and  sometimes  of  sulphate  of  lime 
(gypsum),  which  has  been  previously  held  in  solution  by  free 
carbonic  acid,  or  which  the  water  can  no  longer  sustain  in 
solution  on  the  evaporation  of  a  portion  of  its  bulk.  The 
nature  of  the  deposit  thus  formed,  if  any,  is  therefore  a  practical 
question  of  no  small  interest.  When  water  is  to  be  used  in 
locomotive  steam  engines,  and  other  steam  boilers,  and  for 
many  purposes  in  the  arts,  the  production  of  a  hard  and  abun- 
dant crust  of  carbonate  or  sulphate  of  lime,  deposited  from  the 
water,  on  the  flues  and  other  exposed  parts,  is  a  sufficient 
cause  why  purer  water  should  be  sought,  or  at  least  water  free 
from  this  grave  objection.  It  may  be  proper  to  mention  in 
this  connection  that  in  the  state  of  New  York,  the  railway 
companies  have  found  this  deposit  so  great  an  evil  in  the  de- 
terioration and  ultimate  destruction  of  their  engines,  that  they 
have  in  certain  districts  been  put  to  great  expense  to  supply 
themselves  with  purer  water  from  remote  streams  or  from 
rain. 

The  waters  now  under  consideratic  n  were  critically  exam- 
ined in  reference  to  this  interesting  point  of  observation.  A 
known  bulk  of  each  was  moderately  joiled  in  a  suitable  glass 
vessel,  bad  evapor&Ujd  to  about  one  third  its  original  bulk. 
In  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  there  was  no  merked  change  during  this 
process.  No.  4,  was  very  much  deep  sued  in  color  by  boiling, 
assuming  a  light  coffee  color,  and  ab  indant  shining  scales  of 
gypsum  appeared  as  the  evaporation  ^vent  on,  but  no  ferrugi- 
nous or  calcareous  deposi*  took  place.  It  appeared  afterwards 
that  the  deep  color  assumed  by  this  water  was  entirely  vege- 
table matter,  the  origin  of  which  has  a  ready  been  explained. 

No.  5,  was  slightly  deepened  in  color  by  boiling,  but  no 
deposit  of  any  k'nd  whatsoever  was  formed  even  by  the  evap- 
oration of  a  considerable  quantity,  say  half  a  gallon  to  one  fourth 


( 

n 

ill 


70 


APPENDIX. 


its  bulk.  A  taste  of  organic  extractive  matter  was  perceived 
after  it  had  been  boiled  a  considerable  time. 

No.  6  assumed  a  deeper  color  than  5,  and  gave  off  an  abun- 
dance of  air-bubbles  before  the  boiling  commenced ;  there 
appeared  a  slight  precipitate  of  brownish  organic  matter,  but  no 
scales  of  gypsum,  or  other  solid  mineral  matter.  It  should  be 
remarked,  however,  that  on  the  evaporation  approaching  entire 
dryness,  that  the  solid  contents  of  these  waters,  such  as  it  is,  are 
no  longer  capable  of  being  sustained  in  solution,  and  make 
their  appearance  as  a  sediment. 

Nos.  7  and  8  wer'i  much  deepened  in  color  by  boiling,  and 
deposited  abundant  scales  of  sulphate  of  lime  and  brown  feru- 
ginous  looking  matter.  The  coloration  of  8  was  not  so  intense 
as  of  7,  but  it  became  quite  turbid  with  the  scales  of  gypsum 
thrown  down  in  it ;  the  escape  of  copious  bubbles  of  dissolved 
air  was  very  noticeable  in  this  water. 

No.  9  was  not  much  changed  by  boiling,  but  it  was  rendered 
much  more  ;jrbid  than  either  of  the  others  with  broad  and 
abundant  scales  of  gypsum. 

The  nature  and  quantity  of  the  solid  contents  of  a  water  left 
on  evaporation,  of  a  known  quantity,  is  then  a  question  of  the 
greatest  practical  interest,  as  well  as  whether  such  deposit 
takes  place  wholly  or  in  part  before  the  water  has  been  re- 
duced to  entire  dryness.  It  is  evident  from  the  foregoing  state- 
ment, that  the  constant  use  of  several  of  these  samples,  espe- 
cially of  Nos.  7,  8  and  9,  in  steam  boilers  and  other  similar 
situations,  could  not  fail  to  produce  a  deposit  of  solid  ingre- 
dients thrown  down  by  the  mere  boiling  of  the  waters,  and 
peculiar  management  and  care  would  be  required  to  avoid  the 
risk  of  injury  thus  incurred.  Nos.  5  and  6  are  in  this  respect 
much  less  open  to  objection.  In  connection  with  the  amount 
of  solid  contents  in  a  given  sample  of  water,  it  might  very 
naturally  be  inferred  that  the  specific  gravity  or  comparative 
weights  of  a  given  bulk  of  each  water,  would  be  a  safe  guide, 
those  having  the  most  foreign  matter,  also  having  the  highest 
specific  gravity.  The  density  of  these  waters  has  been  most 
carefully  compared  with  that  of  distilled  water  in  an  apparatus 
of  the  best  construction.  The  results  are  given  below,  and  it 
will  be  seen,  that  even  in  No.  9,  which  is  the  least  pure  of 
all,  that  the  amount  of  solid  contents  appears  only  in  the 
fifth  decimal  place. 

I  should  by  no  means  trust  such  results  as  tht«.',  <f  they  had 
been  procured  with  an  ordinary  balance,  and  wi>h  only  that 
degree  of  care  usually  directed  in  such  cases.  The  balance 
used  was  one  of  Oertling's  best,  manufactured  in  Berlin,  and 
sensible  with  great  precision  to  the  A  miUegramme  ;   the  tern- 


SILLIMAN'S    ANALYSIS. 


71 


peralure  in  each  case  was  carefully  regulated,  and  the  contents 
of  the  bottle  accurately  regulated  by  a  closely  fitting  plate  of 
n)ica,  which  covered  the  capillary  orifice  of  the  perforated 
stopple,  and  entirely  prevented  the  evaporation  of  any  sensible 
portion  during  the  operation  of  weighing.  These  precautions 
may  appear  to  be  uncalled  for,  but  without  them  no  precise  re- 
sults can  be  obtained  or  confirmed.  The  results  are  here 
exhibited. 


Table,  showing  the  specific  gravity  of  the  waters  at  15"  C. 


Number  of  waters. 

1.              2.              3.               4.               5. 

Specific  gravity. 

1.0000329  1.000016    1000016  1.0000659  1.0000164 

Number  of  waters. 

6.               7.               8.               9. 

Specific  gravity. 

1.0000329  1.000064  1.0000329J 1.000082  j 

It  would  not  be  inferred  from  this  table  that  there  was  much 
reason  to  look  for  an  appreciable  quantity  of  solid  ingredients  in 
a  gallon  or  other  limited  quantity  of  these  waters ;  and  in  truth, 
the  quantity  is  far  less  than  is  usual,  as  will  appear  on  a  com- 
parison of  their  solid  contents  with  that  of  other  natural  waters. 

The  weights  and  measures  employed  in  these  examinations 
were  the  French  decimal  system.  The  weights  are  the  gramme, 
which  is  equal  to  the  cubic  centimetre  of  distilled  water  at  the 
standard  temperature  of  maximum  density.  It  is  equal  to 
15.433  grains  troy.  The  unit  of  liquid  measures  is  the  litre, 
which  is  a  cubic  decimetre,  and  contains  1000  grammes  (one 
thousand  grammes)  of  distilled  water.  The  litre  is  equal  to 
61.074  cubic  inches  in  United  Slates  measure,  and  to  1.057 
quart,  wine  measure.  The  advantage  of  employing  these 
^weights  and  measures  in  examinations  of  this  description  is, 
that  there  subsists  a  relation  between  the  units  of  weight  and 
measure  which  is  highly  convenient,  and  which  is  i.ot  found  in 
the  standards  oi"  England  and  America.  It  is  also  perfectly 
easy  to  convert  the  one  into  the  other.  The  United  States 
standard  gallon  contains  231.  cubic  inches  of  dit^illed  water  ; 
it  is,  therefore,  less  than  4  litres  by  the  amount  of  the  following 

Expression.        4  hires  =  244.296  cubic  inches, 
1  gallon    231. 


13.2!»6 


72 


APPENDIX. 


'i    ; 


I'll 


The  United  States  standard  gallon  holds  at  15"C.  58,864.6  j09 
grains,  and  at  the  temperature  of  3o  C,  or  39.83"  F.  (the 
temperature  at  which  this  standard  was  adjusted,)  it  holds 
58,372.1754  American  standard  troy  grains. 

In  determining  the  weight  of  solid  residue  in  the  Quebec 
waters,  a  carefully  measured  quantity  of  each  was  gently 
evaporated  to  a  small  bulk  in  glass  vessels,  and  the  residue 
then  transfered  without  loss  to  a  large  platinum  basin  of 
known  weight.  In  this  the  evaporation  was  carried  in  a  wa- 
ter bath  to  entire  dryness,  and  the  weight  of  the  residue  de- 
termined ;  this  weight  was  repeated  several  times,  trying  the 
capsule  each  time  at  a  temperature  of  about  300°  F.  until  a 
constant  result  was  obtained. 

The  vegetable  matter,  which  was  found  in  each  case  to  a 
greater  or  less  degree,  was  then  burnt  off  by  heating  the  cap- 
sule to  redness  over  an  alcohol  lamp.  During  this  ignition, 
the  occurrence  of  a  rapid  combustion  running  over  the  inner 
surface  of  the  basin,  and  destroying  the  organic  matter  before 
the  capsule  was  fully  red,  was  attributed  to  the  presence  of 
some  salt  of  nitric  acid  ;  e.  g.  nitrate  of  soda  or  potash.  The 
portion  which  remained  after  the  ignition,  was  regarded  as  the 
non-volatile  inorganic  or  mineral  matters  present  in  the  water, 
while  the  loss  of  weight  experienced  during  the  operation  was 
mostly  owing  to  the  organic  matter,  derived  from  vegetable 
and  other  sources.  This  determination  was  made  only  in  case 
of  Nos.  4,  5,  6,  8  and  9.  Of  the  other  samples  there  was  not 
enough  at  command  to  go  through  with  other  testings  and  this 
also,  and  it  was  supposed  that  these  five  samples  would  yield 
all  the  results  which  could  be  expected  from  the  others. 

No.  4.  One  thousand  grammes  of  this  water  were  very 
carefully  evaporated  as  above  described,  and  the  weights  of 
the  residue  determined  with  the  greatest  nicety  possible.  To 
avoid  all  needless  complexity  in  the  statement  of  the  results,  I 
purposely  omit  all  the  details  of  steps  gone  through  to  obtain* 
the  final  weights. 

The  total  residue  of  1000  grms.  of  No.  4=000.042 ;  or  10C,000 
lbs.  (or  parts)  of  such  water  will  contain  4.20  parts  (or 
lbs.)  of  solid  matter. 

Of  this  quantity  there  is  volatile  at  redness         2.58  parts 


1.62 


(( 


Leaving  for  non-volatile  mineral  matter 

A  gallon  of  this  water  contained  in  round  numbers  2.5  (two 
and  a  half)  grains  of  which,  nearly  ^,  are  vegetable  organic 
matter. 


a 


silliman's  analysis. 


73 


The  residue  of  this  water,  after  evaporation,  was  of  a  deep 
coffee  brown  color,  and  shrunk  much  on  drying.  It  burnt  with 
a  strong  organic  odor,  and  left  a  minute  white  deposit,  which 
had  a  slight  alkaline  reaction,  and  did  not  effervesce  with 
hydro-chloric  acid.  The  chemical  examination  of  this  water 
discovered  in  it  the  presence  of  lime,  magnesia,  sulphuric  acid, 
chlorine,  and  carbonic  acid,  with  feeble  traces  of  alumina, 
iron  and  soda.  Of  course  the  quantities  of  these  several  con- 
stituents are  very  small  indeed,  and  they  could  be  detected  only 
after  considerable  concentration.  The  water,  in  its  natural 
condition  is  neutral,  and  gives,  with  the  appropriate  tests,  no 
evidence  of  either  chlorine,  iron  or  magnesia,  with  only  a  very 
feeble  trace  of  sulphu'-ic  acid.  Only  th(i  lime  and  magnesia 
were  determined  quantitatively,  and  these  estimated  as  sul- 
phates very  nearly  accounted  for  the  small  dose  of  mineral 
matter  which  this  water  contains. 

The  amount  of  carbonic  acid  was  determined  in  this  and 
several  others  of  the  waters  by  passing  the  vapors  from  a 
known  volume  of  the  water  into  a  solution  of  baryta  in  water, 
the  carbonate  of  baryta  found  in  the  process  was  converted 
into  sulphate  of  the  same  earth,  and  weighed,  and  from  its 
weight  the  corresponding  volume  of  carbonic  acid  is  easily  calcu- 
lated. The  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  contained  in  1  litre  of  this 
water,  or  1000  grammes  is  00968  gramme  by  weight  =  .298 
cubic  inch,  or  about  one  cubic  inch  per  gallon  of  the  water. 
My  former  experience  leads  me  to  believe  that  in  its  natural 
source  it  contains  much  more  than  this  quantity,  and  that  a 
portion  has  been  lost,  by  the  water  standing  for  some  months 
m  a  glass  bottle  before  it  was  examined.  The  organic  matter 
of  this  water  did  not  yield  any  reaction  which  would  identify  it 
with  either  crenic  or  apocrenic  acid,  the  two  vegetable  acids 
most  commonly  found  in  fountains  or  lakes.  Too  lictle  of  the 
water  was  at  my  command  to  determine  with  certainty  the 
presence  of  silica,  phosphoric  acid,  and  several  other  ingre- 
dients which  are  occasionally  detected  in  natural  waters.  It 
is  to  be  remembered  that  100  tons  of  this  water  would  contain 
only  3.24  pounds  of  mineral  matter. 

No.  5.  The  determination  of  the  solid  residue  of  this  water 
was  made  on  a  quantity  of  4000  grammes.  The  residue  was 
of  a  light  brown  color  and  trifling  in  quantity.    Its  weight. 


^  'I 

!i 

I. 

I 


!m1 


10 


' 


74 


APPENDIX. 


Ni 


II 


taken  with  the  precautions  already  described  for  No.  4,  was 

from  4000  grammes         ...  .  0.1455  gram. 

Equal  in  100,000  parts  to     .        .  .         .  3.63  parts. 

This,  at  redness,  lost  volatile  organic 

matter 0.0525  gram. 

Leaving  of  inorganic  or  mineral  matter  O.ooso 


Original  weight,  or  4  litres 

In  100,000  parts,  therefore,  we  have 

Organic  matter   . 

Inorganic  or  mineral       . 
100  tons  of  such  water  contains,  of 

Organic  matter 

Mineral  matter 


0.1455 


2.32 

1.31  parts. 

4.64  pounds. 
2.62       " 


This  residue  on  ignition,  burnt  with  some  vivacity,  as  if  from 
the  presence  of  nitric  acid,  and  the  odor  of  burning  organic 
matter  was  very  perceptible  during  the  first  part  of  the  igni- 
tion. The  non-volatile  portion  of  this  water  was  of  an  earthy 
appearance,  possessed  an  alkaline  reaction,  and  did  not  effer- 
vesce very  much  when  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analysis  detected  in  this  water,  a  trace  of  iron^  rather  a 
larger  amount  of  alumina^  a  trace  of  /me,  soda  and  magnesia. 
No  reaction  was  manifest  by  th^  usual  test  for  chlorine  (nitrate  of 
silver,)  nor  did  this  delicate  reagent  betray  the  presence  of  any 
organic  acid, —  by  the  changes  of  color  which  accompany  and 
follow  the  application  of  this  test  in  those  waters  containing 
such  acids,  and  which,  in  many  cases,  are  exceedingly  beau- 
tiful and  characteristic.  The  carbonic  acid  gas  in  a  gallon  of 
this  sample  did  not  exceed  (determined  as  already  described) 
1.2  cubic  inches.  In  this  case,  also,  the  lime  and  magnesia 
jalone  were  determined.  The  sulphuric  acid  (whose  presence 
was  proved  as  well  as  that  of  chlorine)  was  not  in  sufficient 
quantity  to  be  determined.  Could  a  larger  quantity  of  this  watei 
be  evaporated,  e.  g.  several  hundred  pounds  at  least,  the  rela- 
tive proportions  of  its  constituents  could  no  doubt  be  made  out. 
But  of  what  practical  value  could  such  a  result  be  on  a  water 
which  is  so  pure  as  to  contain  only  about  0.55  grain  to  the 
gallon  oi  mineral  matter  ?  Such  water  is  almost  pure  enough  for 
any  chemical  purpose  whatever. 

No.  G.  More  of  this  water  was  furnished  to  me  than  of 
either  of  the  others,  and  I  hoped  to  be  able  to  determine  the 
proportions  of  each  of  its  several  constituents.  But  the  pos- 
session of  ten  times  as  much  could  hardly  have  afforded  me 


silliman's  analysis. 


75 


the  means  of  making  a  quantitative  analysis  of  it  upon  which  I 
should  have  been  willing  to  rely. 

Analysis  showed  it  to  be  less  pure  than  No.  5,  and  it  yielded 
to  tests,  evidence  of  containing  a  very  feeble  quantity  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  chlorine  and  lime,  with  more  of  alumina  tinged  by 
a  trace  of  iron  —  magnesia  and  soda  were  also  present,  and  an 
abundance  of  organic  matter. 

4000  grammes  of  No.  6  yielded,  on  evaporation, 
Solid  contents  .        .        .         0.231     gram. 

Or  in  100,000  parts  .        .     5.77       parts. 


Ignition  expelled  from  this.  Organic  0.0906 
Leaving  solid  inorganic  matter  0.1406 


gram. 


2.26  parts. 
3.50     « 


In  100,000  parts,  therefore,  we  have, 
Of  volatile,  solid  contents. 
Of  non-volatile,  contents 

The  residue  of  this  water,  before  ignition,  was  dark  colored 
brown  and  glairy.  It  burnt  with  a  vivid  sparkling,  as  of  nitrates, 
and  left  an  ash  which  was  strongly  alkaline,  and  not  entirely 
free  from  carbonaceous  particles.  The  action  of  dilute  hydro- 
chloric acid  occasioned  a  feeble  effervescence  from  the  escape  of 
carbonic  acid.  It  contained  .007  of  lime,  and  .0089  gramme 
of  magnesia  to  the  1000  grammes.  The  carbonic  acid  in  this 
water  was  equal  to  nearly  1.5  cubic  inches  per  gallon. 

No.  7.  I  had  not  sufficient  of  this  water  to  enable  me  to 
determine  its  total  of  solid  contents.  Tests,  however,  made 
known  the  presence  of  carbonic  acid,  chlorine,  sulphuric  acid, 
lime,  magnesia,  and  alumina.  The  magnesia  was  equal  to 
.0047  gram,  in  1000  grammes  of  the  water,  and  the  hme  to 
.0056  gram,  in  the  same  quantity,  and  of  chlorine  .0025  mil- 
ligramme. The  free  carbonic  acid  was  not  determined  from 
wuni  of  sufficient  quantity  of  the  water. 

No.  8.   The  solid  contents  of  this  water  amounted  on 
1000  grammes  to       ...        .  O.osi  gram. 

Or  in  100,000  parts        ....        8.  lo  parts. 
Ignition  expelled  from  this,  .        .  2.72     " 

Leaving  solid  mineral  residue  .        .        5.38     '< 

The  residue,  after  ignition,  was  very  strongly  alkaline  in  its 
reaction,  but  effervesced  very  feebly  with  hydro-chloric  acid. 
Only  a  qualitative  analysis  was  made  of  the  contents  of  this 
water,  which  indicated  as  in  the  others,  chlorine,  sulphuric 
acid,  carbonic  acid,  lime,  magnesia,  alumina,  and  oxid  of  iron, 
with  traces  of  potash  and  soda.    The  quantity  of  carbonic  acid 


76 


APPENDIX. 


lit 


-1 


was  a  little  over  1.5  cubic  inch  per  gallon.     Ths  quantity  at 
my  command  was  too  small  to  make  a  quantitative  analysis. 

No.  9.   The  residue  of  evaporation  of  1000  grammes  of  this 

water  gave 0.1192  gram. 

Or  in  100,000  parts         .        .        .        .  11.92  parts. 

The  residue  of  this  water  had  a  light  salmon  color,  and  an 
earthy  appearance,  with  only  a  narrow  areola  of  brownish  or- 
ganic matter.  On  ignition,  it  charred  slightly,  burnt  white,  and 
on  being  moistened  it  manifested  with  test  papers  a  strongly  alka- 
line reaction,  and  effervesced  slightly  with  hydro-chloric  acid. 

Ignition  expelled  from  this  residue  of  1000 
grammes 0.438  gram. 

Leaving  inorganic  matter        .        .        .  0.754     " 

The  amount  of  carbonic  acid  in  a  gallon  of  this  water  is 
slightly  more  than  3  cubic  inches  per  gallon. 

The  inorganic  matter  gave  evidence  of  the  same  constituents 
which  have  already  been  enumerated  under  the  foregoing  sam- 
ples. Magnesia  and  lime  combined  with  sulphuric  acid  and 
chlorine  are  the  predominating  ingredients.  When  we  con- 
sider the  .comparatively  small  amount  of  solid  contents  even  in 
this  water,  which  is  so  much  more  impure  than  either  of  the 
foregoing,  we  are  constrained  to  admit  that  Quebec  is  peculiarly 
fortunate  in  having  the  choice  of  waters,  the  most  impure  of 
which  is  more  free  from  foreign  matter  than  the  Schuylkill, 
the  source  of  the  waters  supplied  from  the  celebrated  Fair- 
mount  water  works  in  Philadelphia.  It  may  reasonably  be 
doubted  whether  the  very  small  quantity  of  salts  of  inagnesia 
and  lime,  which  the  waters  of  the  St.  Charles  at  Quebec  con- 
tain, can  justly  be  regarded  as  the  cause  of  the  disturbance 
which  travellers  experience  on  visiting  Canada.  Is  it  not 
more  probable  that  the  water  from  wells,  and  the  change  of 
climate,  are  more  efficient  and  probable  causes  ? 

For  the  convenience  of  a  general  comparison  of  the  several 
determinations,  which  have  been  enumerated  with  other  waters 
of  known  celebrity,  the  following  table  has  been  made.  The 
analyses  of  Croton,  Cochituate  and  Schuylkill  water,  were 
made  by  the  writer  in  1845,  for  the  city  of  Boston.  One  fact 
of  some  interest  appears  from  the  analysis  of  the  Lake  Cochit- 
uate water,  namely,  that  the  water  taken  up  from  near  the  bot- 
tom of  the  lake  contains  much  more  impurity  than  that  upon 
the  surface.  A  similar  observation  has  been  made  regard- 
ing the  water  of  the  ocean ;  but  I  am  not  aware  that  atten- 
tion was  ever  called  to  this  inequality  in  the  higher  and  lower 
levels  of  bodies  of  fresh  water,  until  the  publication  of  the  re- 
port by  the  author,  from  which  these  results  are  quoted. 


silliman's  analysis. 


77 


Table,  shmoing  the  quantity  of  foreign  matters  in  Quebec  toaters, 
as  compared  with  other  sources  in  the  United  States. 


Number  of  the  water.          |     4. 

5. 

6. 

8. 

9. 

Solid  matter  in   100,000  )        ^^ 
parts  by  weight.         J 

3.63 

5.77 

8.10 

11.92 

Volatile  at  redness.                 2.58 

2.32 

2.26 

2.72 

4.38 
7.54 

Leaving  solid.                         1.62 

1.31 

3  50 

5.38 

Number  of  water,              j    A. 

B. 

C. 

D. 

E. 

Solid  matter  in  100.000  >  'if,  -, . 
parts  by  weight.         J  i«'714 

3.168 

5.770 

9.417 

87.85 

In  one  rallon.          )'  Aoa 
Volatile  at  redness.          ]  1  ^-'^^ 

1.85 

1.16 

1.24 

1.218 

Leaving  solid  in  1  gallon.     6.66 

0.63 

2.21 

4.26 

50.055 

Grains  in  i  gallon.               10.93 

1.85 

3.37 

5.50 

51.274 

Nos.  4,  5,  6,  8,  and  9,  are  the  waters  of  this  report. 

A,  is  the  Croton,  in  New  York ;  B,  Lake  Cochituate,  (or 
Long  Pond,)  from  the  surface  ;  C,  the  same,  from  a  depth  of 
sixiy-two  feet ;  D,  the  Schuylkill,  at  Fairmount,  Philadelphia ; 
E,  a  well  on  Beacon  Hill,  in  Boston,  showing  the  general 
character  of  most  of  the  wells  in  that  city. 

A  conclusion  which  may  safely  be  drawn  from  the  chemical 
examination  of  these  waters,  is,  that  they  contain  nothing  in 
any  way  injurious  to  the  human  system,  and  that  they  are  so 
pure,  especially  Nos.  5  and  6,  as  to  be  fit  for  the  most  delicate 
purposes  of  the  arts  of  life.  There  is  a  vulgar  notion,  that 
river  water,  and  lake  water  —  or  pond  water,  as  it  is  called  — 
are  not  so  well  adapted  for  domestic  use  as  the  water  of  wells ; 
this  prejudice  cannot  stand  long  in  a  community,  which  is  so 
happy  as  to  have  a  full  supply  of  water  as  pure  as  the  Croton, 
Lake  Cochituate,  or  it  may  be  added,  as  the  Montmorenci,  or 
St.  Charles,  at  Indian  Lorelte.  It  has  been  made  an  objec- 
tion to  the  use  of  lake  and  river  waters,  that  they  contain  nu- 
merous animalcules —  of  strange  forms  and  singular  voracity  ! 
as  if  such  animals  were  not  also  found  in  the  waters  of  wells 
and  fountains.  The  fact,  that  a  natural  water  was  entirely 
free  fror^^  these  creatures  of  purification,  would  be,  to  my  mind, 
proof  that  there  must  be  something  wrong  about  it  which  had 
unfitted  it  for  the  support  of  these  delicate  organisms,  and 
might,  therefore,  render  it  unfit  for  human  use.  The  waters 
of  Quebec  have  passed  under  the  all-seeing  microscope  of  our 
distinguished  countryman.  Prof.  J.  W.  Bailey,  of  West  Point 
Military  Academy,  and  his  letter  is  here  appended. 


78 


APPENDIX. 


'       I 


'i';i 


«  West  Point,  (N.  Y.)  Oct.  14,  1847. 
«  My  Dear  Sir, 

"  By  the  request  of  Mr.  G.  R.  Baldwin,of  Charlestown,  Mass. 
I  send  you  the  results  of  my  microscopic  examination  of  some 
specimens  of  water  from  the  neighborhood  of  Quebec,  the  chem- 
ical analysis  of  which  is,  I  believe,  to  be  performed  by  you.  I 
myself,  attach  but  little  importance  to  the  results  given  by  the 
microscope,  with  reference  to  the  quality  of  the  water  and  its 
fitness  for  use.  The  purest  natural  waters  are  never  entirely 
free  from  animalcules,  but  it  is  only  when  these  waters  have 
been  kept  standing  for  some  time  in  contact  with  organic  mat- 
ters that  they  develop  in  sufficient  quantity  to  affect  the  quality 
of  the  water.  As  Mr.  Baldwin  appeared  anxious  to  have  the 
waters  examined  by  the  microscope,  I  could  not  decline,  and  I 
now  send  you,  as  he  requested,  a  statement  of  the  results. 

The  specimens  were  nine  in  number,  in  phials  holding  about 
three  cubic  inches  of  water.  Having  satisfied  myself,  by  careful 
examination,  that  the  water  above  the  sediment  in  each  bottle 
contained  no  organic  bodies,  I  then  poured  off  nearly  all  the 
water,  leaving  a  small  portion  in  each  phial,  with  which  I  then 
rinsed  out  the  sediments  separately,  and  poured  each  into  a 
watch  glass ;  these  sediments  were  then  examined  by  the  mi- 
croscope with  a  power  of  about  350  diameters,  and  the  con- 
tents of  each  are  given  below. 

No.  1.  Sediment  almost  none.     No  organic  bodies  detected. 

No.  2.  Sediment  small,  containing  a  few  colorless  angular 
mineral  fragments,  with  a  few  siliceous  infusoria,  among  which 
were  Gomphonema  acuminatum,  Ehr.  (see  Amer.  Bacillaria 
in  Silliman's  Jour.  Vol.  XLIII.  pi.  V.  fig.  6) ;  Tabellaria  tri- 
nobis  (L.  C.  Vol.  XLII.pl.  11.  fig.  36  ;)  Fragillaria  pectinalis, 
L.  Ci^g.  41 ;  Gaillonella  aurichalcea  L.  C.  fig.  4 ;  Gaillonella 
distans  L.  C.  fig.  5  ;  Spiculee  of  Spongilla  were  also  found,  and 
one  small  Peridinium  cinctum,  Ehr. 

No.  3.   Sediment  small ;  nothing  organic  detected. 

No.  4.  Sediment  very  small ;  one  small  hair,  a  bit  of  Sphag- 
num, and  a  few  young  Naviculoe  were  all  the  organic  bodies 
found. 

No.  5.  Sediment  very  little,  containing  no  organic  bodies 
except  a  fragment  of  a  Cyclops,  and  a  small  plate  of  Fragil- 
laria pectinalis. 

No.  6.  Sediment  small,  containing  a  fragment  of  Cyclops, 
one  small  Acarus,  some  very  minute  Naviculee,  and  Tabellaria 
trinobis,  Ehr. 

No.  7.  Sediment  small,  containing  one  living  and  active 
Euglena  viridis,  also  Fragillaria  pectinalis ;  Gaillionella  auri- 


SILLIMAN'S   ANALYSIS. 


79 


chalcea ;    some    minute  Naviculse,  stephauodiscus  Niagara), 
Ehr.,*  &c. 

No.  8.  Sediment  much  more  abundant  than  in  preceding 
specimens,  containing  many  angular  particles,  apparently  of 
Quartz  and  Hornblend,  with  many  specimens  of  Surirella 
splendida  Ehr.  (Am.  Bac.  L.  C.  pi.  II.  fig.  21,)  Stephauodiscus 
Niagarse  ;  Synedra  ulna  (Am.  Bac.  L.  C.  pi.  V.  fig.  2.)  Navi- 
cula  suecica  (Am.  Bac.  L.  C.  pi.  II.  fig.  20,)  with  spiculae  of 
Spongilla. 

9.  Sediment  small,  with  a  few  minute  Naviculae,  and  Ar- 
throdesmus  quadricaudatus  (Am.  Bac.  L.  C.  Vol.  XLI.  pi.  III. 
fig.  17.) 

The  sediment  of  all  the  specimens  contained  a  portion  of 
matter  resembhng  coagulated  albuminous  matter,  entangled 
among  which  were  the  angular  bits  of  minerals  and  the  shells 
of  the  animalcules. 

It  may  be  a  comfort  to  some  persons  to  know  that  the  sili- 
ceous organisms  above  referred  to  as  animals,  are  by  some 
writers  considered  as  plants. 

Very  sincerely  your  friend, 

J.  W.  Bailey." 


On  the  use  of  Metallic  Lead  and  Cast  Iron,  to  convey  and  distri- 
bute the  Waters  of  Quebec. 

The  most  important  consideration  in  reference  to  the  supply 
of  water  to  a  great  city,  next  to  its  original  purity  and  abun- 
dance, is  to  guard  against  its  being  contaminated  by  the  means 
employed  in  its  distribution  to  the  consumers.  The  calcareous 
matters  dissolved  out  of  the  masonry  conduit,  through  which 
the  Croton  river  runs  for  forty  miles  before  reaching  New  York, 
were  found  to  alter  materially  the  purity  of  that  water,  and 
render  the  total  amount  of  its  solid  contents  considerably 
greater  after  the  water  reached  the  city  than  they  were  in  the 
river,  or  great  reservoir  at  the  commencement  of  the  aque- 
duct. This,  however,  proved  to  be  a  very  limited  evil,  and 
soon  corrected  itself.  Not  so,  however,  the  effect  of  the  water 
on  the  leaden  pipes,  employed  for  its  distribution  from  the  iron 
mains  to  the  houses  of  the  consumers.  The  writer,  in  1845, 
made  a  carefully  conducted  set  of  experiments  on  several  wa- 
ters now  used  in  our  larger  cities,  and  among  others  on  the 
Croton  in  reference  to  its  effect  on  leaden  pipes.  The  gen- 
eral result  was,   that  the  Croton  water  only  very  slightly 

*  This  is  a  beautiful  genus  allied  to  Graillionella,  specimens  of  which  I  first  found  at 
Niagara  Falls,  and  sent  to  Ehrenburg,  who  has  described  it  in  tiie  Reports  of  the  Ber- 
lin Academy  for  February,  1845,  p.  28. 


80 


APPENDIX. 


(  i 


.   : 


A 


\ 


\' 


attacked  lead.  But  it  was  impossible,  in  a  single  set  of  ex- 
periments, to  meet  all  the  conditions  found  in  the  actual  distri- 
bution of  water  to  a  large  town  ;  and  one  of  these  conditions 
which  was  not  taken  account  of,  was  the  effect  of  the  iron 
pipes  in  altering  the  electrical  or  chemical  relations  of  the  lead. 
It  has  since  been  found  in  practice,  that  this  condition  is  a  very 
important  one,  and  must  always  be  regarded. 

Pure  water  has  a  very  remarkable  power  in  dissolving  the  oxyd 
or  rust  of  lead  ;  so  much  so,  that  a  pint  of  pure  distilled  water 
will  dissolve  a  grain  or  more  of  this  oxyd.  The  common  air 
and  carbonic  acid,  always  found  in  natural  waters,  materially 
aid  in  the  solution  of  the  lead,  by  first  oxidizing  the  clean  sur- 
face and  thus  placing  it  in  a  condition  to  be  acted  on ;  while  on 
the  other  hand,  it  has  been  confidently  asserted  that  the  pre- 
sence of  various  impurities  in  water,  such  as  sulphate  of  soda 
or  sulphate  of  lime,  and  other  saline  ingredients,  would  wholly 
or  partly  arrest  the  corrosion  of  lead.  It  is  certain,  that  natu- 
ral waters  vary  very  much  in  their  power  of  acting  on  lead, 
and  very  many  are  so  nearly  exempt  in  this  particular  that  they 
have  been  drawn  for  years  with  impunity  through  leaden  pipes. 
This  may  be  owing  to  the  non-action  of  the  water,  or  to  its 
producing  an  insoluble  and  innoxious  compound  with  lead. 
Thus  water,  highly  charged  with  organic  extractive  matter, 
has,  in  some  cases  of  my  own  observation,  been  brought  into 
contact  with  lead  without  being  at  all  contaminated  therewith, 
while  abundant  evidence  of  action  was  found  in  the  precipita- 
tion from  the  water  of  all  its  organic  matter  in  an  insoluble 
state,  and  by  the  gain  of  weight  in  the  lead  itself.  The  lead 
may,  even  by  this  process  become,  as  it  were,  varnished  over 
with  a  film  of  organic  matter,  and  the  water  escape  unharmed. 
The  chlorid  and  nitrate  of  lead,  salts,  the  former  of  which 
may-often  be  found  in  waters  that  have  passed  through  leaden 
pipes,  are  both  represented  as  being  quite  harmless  when  taken 
into  the  system.  It  is  the  sub-oxyd  and  carbonate  which  are 
the  most  deadly  forms  of  lead ;  for  although  the  carbonate  is 
a  white  powder,  insoluble  in  water,  it  is  easily  dissolved  in  the 
acids  of  the  stomach,  and  is  the  form  in  which  most  cases  of 
lead  poisoning  occur. 

To  try  the  effect  of  the  Quebec  waters  on  lead  an  experiment 
was  instituted,  in  which  a  thin  and  bright  strip  of  le'^^d  about 
one  foot  long  was  exposed  in  a  close  glass  bottle,  with  a  sam- 
ple of  each  water  for  a  long  time.  The  lead  was  perfectly 
bright  ;when  the  water  was  added  to  it,  and  frequent  observa- 
tions were  made  for  such  changes  as  might  appear.  The 
weight  also  of  each  slip  was  carefully  noted  before  the  ex- 
periments, that  any  change  which  should  happen  might  be  dis- 


SII.LIMAN'S    ANALYSIS. 


81 


covered,  either  of  increase  or  of  diminution.  Another  series, 
in  a  distinct  set  of  bottles,  was  also  prepared,  similar  to  the 
first,  in  all  respects  except  in  the  attachment  of  a  small  slip  of 
brass  to  one  end  of  each  leaden  strip.  This  was  for  the  pur- 
pose of  imitating  more  closely  the  condition  of  a  leaden  aque- 
duct pipe,  with  a  brass  stop-cock  on  its  end.  This  arrange- 
ment, of  course,  alters  the  electrical  relation  of  the  lead,  and 
places  it  in  a  situation  to  be  more  easily  acted  on  by  corroding 
agents.  Common  air,  except  such  quantity  as  was  dissolved 
in  the  water,  was  excluded,  as  it  is  in  the  general  use  in  aque- 
ducts. In  this  particular,  the  leaden  pipes  of  wells  and  cis- 
terns differ  in  their  situation  from  those  of  aqueducts.  Since  in 
the  former  there  is  a  line  where  the  water,  the  metal,  and  the 
air  join,  and  at  that  point  is  the  greatest  activity  of  chemical 
action.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  experiments  it  was  found  that 
each  of  the  waters  had  become  more  or  less  impregnated  with 
lead.  Within  twelve  hours  after  the  first  experiment  was 
instituted,  it  was  evident,  from  simple  inspection,  that  some 
action  had  taken  place  in  Nos.  7,  8,  and  9.  Each  of  these 
slips  had  become  tarnished,  and  particularly  No.  9,  while  the 
others  remained  bright  and  untarnished.  This  effect  did  not 
appear  to  increase  at  all  after  the  first  twenty-four  hours, 
during  many  days  and  even  weeks  in  which  the  experiment 
was  continued. 

The  second  series,  in  which  a  slip  of  brass  was  soldered  to 
each,  became  acled  on  afier  two  or  three  hours,  especially  in 
Nos.  4,  7,  8,  and  9,  while  in  Nos.  5  and  6  the  lead  remained 
quite  bright  to  the  end  of  the  experiment.  The  results  of  these 
trials  are  given  in  the  following  tables. 

Table,  showing  the  effects  of  Water  on  Lead. 


No.  of  the  water. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

6. 

Weight  of  slip  before  exp't. 
Weight  after  exposure. 

7.0150 
7.0011 

7.34885 
7.34760 

7.5430 
7.5419 

7.5318 
7.5315 

7.490 
7.492 

Difference  +  or  — 

+.0139 

—.00065 

—.0011 

—.0003 

+.002 

No.  of  the  water. 

Weight  of  slip  before  exp't. 
Weight  after  exposure. 

Difference  +  or  — 


6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

7.355 
7.355 

7.5042 
7.5061 

6.9865 
6.9290 

7.4960 
7.4985 

+.0019 

+.0025 

+.0025 

"When  samples  of  all  the  water  which  had  been  in  contact 
with  the  lead  were  tested  with  sulphureted  hydrogen  water, 
immediate  coloration  from  sulphuret  of  lead  was  seen  in  each, 
U 


88 


APPENDIX. 


I; 


but  in  very  different  degrees.  Those  which,  to  appearance, 
had  acted  most  upon  the  lead  were  found  to  be  almost  free 
from  taint,  (viz.  Nos.  8.  and  9,)  showing  that  while  the  lead 
was  tarnished,  the  compound  which  was  formed  was  an  insolu- 
ble one,  and  this  was  also  indicated  by  the  increase  of  weight 
in  these  slips.  The  degree  in  which  the  contamination  from 
lead  was  observed  is  expressed  in  the  following  order  of  num- 
bers, beginning  with  that  which  gave  the  least  evidence  of  lead, 
viz.  Nos.  8,  9,  7,  3, 5,  2, 6, 1, 4.  Nos.  1  and  4  assumed  a  clove 
brown  color  from  the  larger  quantity  of  sulphuret  of  lead  which 
was  floating  in  them  from  the  addition  of  the  test.  In  the 
second  series,  with  the  brass  slips,  the  action  was  increased  in 
intensity,  while  the  order  was  a  little  changed,  as  is  here  ex- 
pressed :  Nos.  9,  5,  7,  6,  8,  4.  No.  4,  in  this  case,  was  more 
than  twice  as  intense  in  color  as  before.  These  results  clearly 
indicate  the  propriety  of  avoiding  the  use  of  leaden  pipes,  if 
possible,  in  the  distribution  of  the  Quebec  waters.  They  show 
that  one  of  the  purest  (viz.  No.  4,)  is  contaminated  most  of  all 
by  this  poison,  and  that  those  which  are  least  pure  have  escaped 
nearly  unharmed.  The  action  on  the  lead,  it  is  seen,  is  most 
to  be  dreaded,  when  no  indication  of  it  is  found  from  the  tar- 
nishing of  the  metallic  surface.  Indeed,  it  may  be  safely 
inferred,  that  the  tarnishing  of  the  lead  in  Nos.  8  and  9,  is  the 
principal  cause  of  the  water  of  these  samples  being  saved  from 
contamination.  It  may  be  said,  that  in  actual  use,  the  aque- 
duct water  never  stands  long  in  contact  with  lead  ;  but  in  an- 
swer to  this  it  is  remarked,  that  in  the  experiment  here  de- 
tailed, but  little  change  took  place  after  the  first  few  hours. 
It  is  also  a  fact  under  the  writer's  observation,  that  aqueduct 
water  may  be  contaminated  with  lead,  even  when  the  stream 
of  water  is  passing  through  the  leaden  pipe  unceasingly. 
A.  B.,^  respectable  farmer  in  this  vicinity,  had  for  many  years 
suffered  from  indisposition  of  an  anomalous  character,  and  was 
subject  to  occasional  paroxysms  of  acute  and  distressing  pain, 
resembling  painters'  colic.  As  there  was  nothing  in  his  occu- 
pation to  authorize  any  inference  that  he  was  the  victim  of 
that  disease,  the  real  cause  of  his  sufferings  lay  for  a  long  time 
concealed,  and  he  was  treated  by  his  medical  attendants  for 
various  complaints,  and  with  little  or  no  amelioration.  By  the 
advice  of  an  eminent  surgeon,who,  in  his  practice,  had  met  with 
similar  cases,  the  inquiry  was  made  in  what  way  water  was 
procured  for  his  domestic  use,  when  it  appeared  that  a  spring 
of  water*  upon  a  hill,  at  many  rods  distance,  was  brought  to 
his  door  in  a  leaden  pipe.  A  sample  of  the  water  was  pro- 
cured, and  brought  to  the  writer  for  examination.  It  proved 
to  be  strongly  contaminated  with  lead ;  the  use  of  this  water 


siiximan's  analysts. 


83 


was  immediately  discontinued,  the  patient  treated  with  the  pro- 
per antidotes  to  lead  poisoning,  and  his  amendment  confirmed 
the  correctness  of  the  diagnosis.  Thi3  case  is  cited,  out  of  hun- 
dreds of  cases  of  lead  poisoning,  to  show  that  it  may  not 
always  be  necessary  for  the  water  to  remain  any  considerable 
time  in  contact  with  lead  in  order  to  produce  contamination. 

But  it  remains  to  consider  how  the  uniorx  of  leaden  pipes 
with  the  iron  mains  may  affect  the  predisposition  of  the  water 
to  act  on  lead.  As  iron  is  more  easily  rusted  than  lead,  so  it 
might  be  inferred  with  some  plausibility  that  the  union  of  the 
two  would,  on  well-known  galvanic  principles,  aid  in  protect- 
ing the  lead.  We  shall  see  that  this  inference  cannot  be  safely 
trusted.  I  have  kept  the  waters  of  5,  6,  8,  and  9  for  some 
time  in  contact  with  cast  iron  in  close  vessels.  It  was  imme- 
diately and  deeply  rusted  in  all,  and  little  lines  of  concretion- 
ary oxyd  anci  carbonate  of  iron  were  formed  in  ridges  over 
its  surface,  while  the  water  became  in  each  case  quite  turbid 
from  the  floating  particles  of  free  oxyd  of  iron  suspended  in 
it.  Water  is  deprived  of  all,  or  nearly  all,  of  its  carbonic 
acid  by  the  action  of  iron  and  the  oxygen  of  the  dissolved  air, 
(which  is  known  to  be  present  in  larger  relative  proportions  to 
the  nitrogen  than  in  the  air)  is  also  nearly  all  removed.  From 
the  abundance  of  the  bulky  rust  of  iron  produced  in  this  way 
and  from  its  adhering  so  feebly  to  the  walls  of  the  iron  pipes, 
it  cannot  fail  of  being  carried  forward  by  the  current  of  water 
moving  through  the  pipes,  and  come  into  contact  with  the 
leaden  conduits.  As  the  water  has,  by  the  action  just  de- 
scribed, lost  its  carbonic  acid,  that  substance  is  no  longer  pre- 
sent to  aid  in  forming  a  coating  of  carbonated  oxyd  of  lead, 
which  (as  has  been  seen  in  Nos.  8  and  9,)  would  materially 
aid  in  protecting  the  lead.  Tloreover,  the  contact  of  the  pulpy 
free  oxyd  of  iron  with  the  leaden  pipes,  must  result  in  the  pro- 
duction of  oxyd  of  lead  at  the  expense  of  the  oxyd  of  iron, 
which  will  thus  part  with  a  portion  of  its  oxygen  to  unite  with 
the  lead,  and  the  water  at  once  takes  up  its  quota  of  this 
deadly  compound. 

We  confidently  state,  therefore,  the  important  fact,  thct  the 
passage  of  water  through  iron  pipes,  prepares  it  for  a  more 
speedy  and  certain  action  on  lead.  To  this  cause  I  look 
for  an  explanation  of  the  fact,  that  several  alleged  cases  of  lead 
poisoning  have  happened  in  the  city  of  New  York ;  although  the 
experiments  made  by  me  with  the  Croton  water  on  lead,  had 
appeared  to  authorize  the  inference  that  it  would  be  safe  to 
employ  lead  for  the  distribution  of  that  water. 

It  must  be  admitteo,  however,  that  as  far  as  our  present 
knowledge  of  facts  goes,  the  cases  of  poisoning  with  lead  in 


84 


APPENDIX. 


i 

\ 

111 


'1'. 


New  York  have  been  rare  exceptions :  but  the  public  attention 
has  as  yet,  not  been  fully  awakened  to  the  subject,  and  when 
it  is,  probably  more  evidence  of  deleterious  consequences  will 
be  made  known.  At  least,  one  well  attested  case  has  been 
recorded  in  England,  in  which  water  that  had  for  years  passed 
uncontaminated  through  leaden  pipes,  and  been  collected  in 
leaden  cisterns,  was  afterward  passed  through  iron  pipes,  and 
received  as  before,  ir  leaden  cisterns,  when  it  was  found 
that  the  lead  was  rapidly  corroded.  The  view  already  pre- 
sented of  the  action  of  water  on  iron,  in  connection  with  lead, 
will  explain  this  case. 

I  have  dwelt  thus  fully  on  the  subject  of  conducting  water 
through  leaden  pipes,  because  it  appears  to  me  that  too  much 
attention  can  hardly  be  given  to  a  question  which  is  of  such 
momentous  consequences  as  regards  the  health  of  the  commu- 
nity. And  surely  no  great  city  in  this  enlightened  age  will  pro- 
pose to  supply  itself  with  water  in  this  manner  without  at  first 
demanding  all  the  facts. 

In  conclusion,  I  may  be  permitted  respectfully  to  ask  whether 
the  possibility  —  may  we  not  say  almost  certainty  —  that  the  wa- 
ters of  both  the  Montmorenci  and  St.  Charles  will  be  seriously 
contaminated  by  contact  with  lead,  is  not  a  sufficient  reason^ 
why  the  authorities  of  Quebec,  as  the  guardians  of  the  public 
health,  should  prohibit  the  distribution  of  its  waters  through 
this  dangerous  metal. 

Doubtless  the  skill  of  their  engineer  and  the  fertile  inven- 
tion of  our  countrymen  will  contrive  a  safe  and  economical 
substitute. 

All  which  is  respectfully  submitted  by 

Your  obedient  servf^nt, 

B.  SILLIMAN,  Jr. 
Analytical  Laboratory,  Yale  College, 
New  Haven,  March  27,  1848. 

P.  S.  The  writer  may  be  permitted  to  add,  that  by  his 
advice,  a  pipe  of  copper,  well  coated  with  pure  tin,  has  been  in 
use  for  some  years  in  a  well  in  New  Haven,  with  entire  suc- 
cess. Should  the  Quebec  waters  fail  to  coat  over  the  inner 
surface  of  the  lead  pipes  with  the  covering  of  organic  matter, 
before  alluded  to,  thus  rendering  a  substitute  not  necessary  — 
this  description  of  copper  pipe  wouH  probably  be  the  best 
resort.    ♦ 


APPENDIX. 


85 


APPENDIX    B. 

DWELLINGS,  MANUFACTORIES,  AND  INSTITUTIONS 

SUPPLIED   WITH   THE  SCHUYLKILL   WATER   IN 

THE    CITY  OF   PHILADELPHIA. 

TO   31st   DECEMBER,    l^L: 


48 

138 

254 

2337 

11 

62 

9920 

1 

35 
4 

86 

544 

2 

33 
2 
193 
1 
4 
6 

22 

38 
4 
3 

63 
5 
3 
3 
5 

39 
1 

11 
2 

28 
1 
4 
1 

27 
1 
1 
3 
1 


13,949 


Water  closets,  &c. 
Wash  pavements,  &c 
Tenements    . 
Baths 
Taverns 
Stabiss 

Dwellings,  &c. 
Stable,  &c. 
Dwellings,  &c. 
Dwellings,  &c. 
Courts,  &c. 
Printing-offices,  &c 
Dwellings,  &c. 
Vinegar  yards,  &c 
Steam  engines,  &c 
Dyers,  &c. 
Dwelling,  &c. 
Marble  yards      . 
Dwellinrrs,  &c. 
Soap-boiler8.  &c 
Dwellings,,  &c. 
Taverns,  &o. 
Courts,  &c. 
Distilleries,  &c. 
Hatteries,  &c. 
Svablos,  &c. 
Courts,  &c. 
Courts,  &c. 
Taverns,  courts,  &c. 
Steam  engine,  &c 
(^/ourts,  &c. 
Stables,  &c. 
Sugar  houses,  &c. 
Court,  «Sic. 
Taverns,  &c. 
Tavern,  &c. 
Stables,  &c. 
Steam  engine,  &c 
Court,  &c.    . 
Courts,  &c. 
Mansion  house 


at 


Dolls,  cts  Dolls,  cts 


Amount  carried  forward 


1 

2 
2 
3 
3 
4 
5 

6 
7 
7 
8 
8 
9 
9 
10 

11 
11 
12 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
17 
IS 
20 

22 
24 
25 

27 

30 


33 


00 
00 
50 
00 
75 
00 
00 

00 
00 
60 
00 
50 
00 
50 
00 

00 
25 
00 
50 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
50 
00 
00 

50 
00 
00 

50 

00 


00 


48 

276 

635 

7,011 

41 

208 

49,645 

5 

210 
28 

645 

4,352 

17 

297 
19 
1,930 
10 
44 
67 

264 

475 
52 
42 

990 
80 
51 
52 
90 

780 
20 

247 
48 

700 
26 

110 
29 

810 
31 
32 
99 
34 


00 

00 

00 

00 

25 

00 

00 

50 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

50 

00 

50 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

50 

00 

00 

50 

50 

00 

00 

00 

00 

50 

00 

75 

50 

00 

00 


70,555  00 


86 


APPENDIX. 


APPENDIX  B.  —  Continued. 


13,949 
9 
4 
2 
6 


14,021 


Dolls. 'cts    Dolls,    cts 


•     •     .     Amount  brought  forward 
Hotels,  &c. 
Steam  engfines,  &c. 
Steam  engines,  &c. 
Steam  engines,  &c. 
Court,  &c. 
Court,  &c, 
Courts,  &c 


Stables,  &c. 

Hotel 

Hotel    . 

Steam  engine,  &c 

Hotels,  &c. 

Hotel 

Hotel    . 

Hotel 

Tavern,  &c. 

Water  wheels 

Hotel    . 

Hotel 

Laboratory   . 

Hotel 

Bath  house   . 

Baths,  &c. 

Naval  Asylum 

Brewery    . 

Brewery        . 

Bath  house 

Sugar  houses 

Gas  w^irks 

Sugar  house 


Total  for  city 


19 

8? 

l,94is 

2 

8 

29 

15 

*     6 

1 

1 

33 

4 

18 

k— 

16,181  ( 


DISTRICT  OP  SOUTHWARK. 

After  detluctifig  15 per  cent.,  tlie  91) per  cent,  on  city 
rates  huvitig  been  taien  off. 

Bake  houses,  &c. 
Baths 


Dwellings     . 
Stea  1  angines,  &o. 
Bars,  &c. 
Courts,  &c. 
Dwellings  and  baths 
Bars,  &c. 
Stable,  &c. 
Tavern,  &c. 
Dwelling,  &c. 
Hatteries 
Soap  chandlers,  &c. 


35 
36 
39 
40 


00 
00 
00 
00 


45   00 
50   00 


60 


70,555  00 

31500 

144  00 

78  00 

240  00 

41J25 

44  00 

135  00 


00 


75   00 


125 


150 


2 
3 
5 
6 
3 
7 
8 
8 


10 
12 
15 


700 
53 
55 


00 
00 
00 


00 


00 


50 
00 
00 
00 
75 
50 
00 
76 


00 
00 
00 


54  00 

240,00 

6100 

64!00 

65!0C 

7000 

450,00 

86100 

88:00 

80J00 

9650 

11000 

25O1OO 

14000 

50 

no 

00 
00 
00 
00 


124 
128 
138 
300 
400 
750 


76,055 


4750 
249  00 


25 


9,710 

12 

30 

217 

120 

43 

9 

9 

330 

48 

270 


00 
00 
00 
50 
00 
75 
50 
76 
00 
00 
00 


87,152  26 


APPENDIX. 


87 


APPENDIX   B.— Continued. 


16,181 
1 
1 
4 
1 
5 
12 
5 
1 

1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


16,223 


2 
4 
2 

52 

617 

1 

2 

8 

10 
7 
7 
5 
1 
5 
2 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


•    •     .      Amount  brought  forward 
Bath  and  tenements 
Stable,  tenements,  &c. 
Tenements,  batteries,  &c. 
Tavern  and  stables     . 
Courts.  &c. 
Courts,  &c. 
Courts,  &c. 
Court,  &c. 
Courts,  &c.  . 
Steam  engine,  &c.     . 
Courts,  &c. 
Brewery     .        , 
Distillery 
Foundery  . 
Steam  engine        . 
Navy  yard,  &c. 
Vagrant  apartment  of  county  prison 
County  prison    . 


Total  for  City  and  Southwark 


DISTRICT  OF  MOYAMENSING 

After  deducting  15  per  cent.    The  QOjjer  cent,  oh  city 
rates  liaving  hem  taken  off. 

Water  closets 
Bakers 
Bars     . 
Baths,  &c. 
Dwellmgs,  &c. 
Factory 
Bakers,  &c. 
Courts,  &c. 
Dwellings  and  baths 
Taverns,  &c.     . 
Courts,  &c. 
Courts,  &c. 
Public  school 
Dyeries,  &c.     . 
Courts 
Courts,  &c. 
Court,  &c.     . 
Court,  &c. 
Factory 

Dwelling,  &;c.    . 
Dwelling,  &c. 
Dwelling,  &c. 
Water  wheel,  &c. 


Dulls. 

(•t.> 

Dolls. 

cts 

87,152 

25 

15 

50 

16 

34 

17 

50 

70 

00 

19 

50 

20 

00 

100 

00 

12 

50 

150 

00 

25 

00 

125 

00 

27 

50 

30 

00 

60 

00 

30'r,7 

35 

00 

70  00 
45  00 
50  00 

58 

67 

60 

00 

76 

00 

100 

00 

400 

00 

88,625 

43 

1 

00 

2 

00 

2 

50 

10 

00 

3 

7« 

7 

50 

3 

\j>\j 

150 

00 

5 

00 

2,585 

00 

6 

66 

7 

00 

14 

00 

7 

50 

60 

00 

8 

00 

80  00 

8 

75 

6125 

10 

00 

70  00 

12 

50 

62 
13 

50 
34 

15 

00 

75  00 

17 

50 

35  00 

20 

00 

60  00 
22  60 
25  00 

3o;oo 

35:00 
40  00 
96|00 

116 

67 

92,287 

85 

16,858     Total  for  City,  Southwark,  and  Moyamensing 

IIF"  The  water  rents  for  Southwark  and  Moyumcnsing  are  due,  uail  uavuble  to  the 
cay  outlielst  June,  1845.  >        »  / 


88 


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APPENDIX. 


APPENDIX    F. 

THERMOMETRICAL  OBSERVATIONS. 

Made  at  the  Seminary  cf  Quebec  during  the  months  of  October, 
November^  December  1846,  —  January,  February,  March,  April, 
May,  June  and  July,  1847.  {Farenheit.) 


1846 

Means. 

6A.M 

Noon. 

6  P.  M. 

October 

From     1st 
"       11 
"       21 

to  10th 
"  20 
"   31 

inclusive 

45,482 
37,532 
23,135 

50,1  IC 
45,985 
35,044 

44,623 
43,449 
33,976 

(( 

November 

it 

1 
11 
21 

"   10 
«  20 
"  30 

36,100 
36,450 
26,620 

45,942 
41,391 
30,391 

44,812 
39,065 
28,524 

(( 

December 

1 
11 
21 

"   10 
"  20 
"  31 

14,475 
18,351 
11,329 

22,633 
23,285 
16,748 

21,500 
20,675 
15,295 

1847 

January 

1 
11 
21 

««   10 
"  20 
"  31 

(t 

14,860 
2,375 
0,378 

19,032 

10,000 

7,976 

17,839 
7,567 
5,249 

<( 

February 

It 
<( 

1 
11 
21 

"   10 
"  20 

"  28 

IC 

i( 

16,089 
1,850 
1,156 

23,875 
13,845 
14,612 

22,265 

9,805 

14,321 

<( 

March 

« 

1 
11 
21 

"   10 
"  20 
"  31 

(i 
(( 
(( 

7,500 
10,700 
18,225 

21,282 
26,058 
29,067 

17,908 
24,825 
24,734 

(( 

April 

<< 

1 
11 
21 

"   10 
"  20 
«'  30 

(( 

25,875 
24,300 
32,417 

40,962 
38,699 
38,462 

35,333 
35,115 
31,656 

(( 

May 

1 
11 

21 

"   10 
"  20 
"   31 

t< 
(( 

52,000 
51,069 
57,031 

40,216 
46,416 
51,437 

66,083 
66,490 
75,991 

53,448 
55,441 
63,260 

<( 

June 

(1 

1 
11 

21 

'«    10 
"  20 
"  30 

<( 

(( 

57,071 
58,833 
64,191 

66,476 
63,676 
72,515 

(( 

July 

<< 

1 

11 
21 

"   10 
"  20 
"  31 

65,722 
73,063 
84,708 

80,870 
75,906 
70,260 

79,554 
71,794 
69,550 

i^^wi  «M,iMpp|qpRmi* 


APPENDIX. 


91 


APPENDIX  F.— Continued. 

State  of  the  greatest  cold,  and  the  average  degree  of  cold  for 

eight  years,  at  Quebec, 


Year. 

Farenheit's 

Thermometer. 

Average  cold. 

Coldest. 

1829  . 

1830  . 

1831  . 

1832  . 

1833  . 

1834  . 

1835  . 

1836  .     . 

Deg. 
.     .     33     . 
.     33     . 
.     22     . 
.     25     . 
.     30     . 
.     24     .     . 
.     30     .     . 
.    26     .     . 

Deg. 

-39    January  4th. 
-41        "        31st. 
-39        "        21st. 
-33i  February  24th. 
-oH  January  19th. 
-36S  December  15th. 
-33i  February  4th. 
-35|  Feb.2d&Dec.3l. 

Under  zero. 

Copy,  Greaves  Clapham. 


(Signed) 


J.  Watt. 


Maximum  and  minimum  of  thermometer  in  Lower  Canada,  for 
the  six  coldest  months,  frorn  1822  to  1834,  inclusive.  Taken  from  a  pub- 
lished table,  arranged  by  Maj.  Stack,  of  the  24/A  regt.  while  (juartered  in 
Lower  Canada,  from  1829  to  end  of  1834,  by  setting  down  the  hottest  day 
and  the  coldest  night  in  each  month.  The  table  previous  to  the  commence- 
ment of  his  diary  was  taken  from  a  Meteorological  Diary,  published  bi/  a 
scientific  gentleman  in  Quebec. 


Months. 


November 


December 


Jainiary    .  I 


February     | 


March 


•! 


April    .    .| 


Max. 
Min. 


Max 
Min. 


Max, 
Min. 


Max. 
Min. 

Max. 

Min. 


Max. 
Min. 


S! 


60  42  44 

lOJ  14,    8 

40|  44!  3.5 

■25  5I    7 


44   38   36   36 
-17  -12-10-25 


46'  46   42 
-20-26  -28 


as 

-19 


50|  58 
8j  20 

44]  57 
-71  -9 


.50   54 
20    17 


42   40j  32 
-27  -26-18 


521  42'  42  52 
4     8-1-6 


58  57   62 
11     5  24 


25  51 
-12-24 


50 


70 
-1 

82 
29 


Mean. 


50 
13 


43   25  43  48     42 
2  -8  -3-24   -11 


43   50 
-24  -21 

42   34 
-21-29 


43  43     41 

-31-211  -21 


Mean 
Dili'. 


37 


53 


45  47     43 
-16  -9   -20 


52  50   52 

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1 

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10,  -1    18 


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«ri  00 

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©  « 

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CO 


g  " 

<:    !2; 


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OS  t^  OS 

00  10  oo' 

0»  t^  !>. 

--(N  OS^ 


© 
© 

d 

© 
00^ 

co" 


©  in  o 
OS  00  o 

d  t>^  d 

0*00  CO 

©  CV)O0 


00 


eo 
© 

© 


os_ 

CO 

© 


C 

8 

eo 


0( 


CO 


(N 


00 

•a 

o 


•c  a 


1' 

3 

<»  S  oiS 


rt    rt    O    *  [^ 


r»   w   ^ « 

-H     c«     "^  « 

<D   (O   (o  >a 


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c 

oi 


tncDO 

CO  ^  o 
et  CO  CO 


Q> 

a 

s 


s 


o 
a 


o 
o 


t»    CO    t- 1 

kO     00     O  I 

r^   o»    00  I 


o 
o 


o 
o 

CO 


CO    t*  oj 
^    «n  kO 


I-  «fl 
c-  00 


a>  o  (s  o>  -H 
CO  oj  X  M  in 
00  t^io_in_»n^ 


a 
o 
a 


1-1    ot  ( 


«e  «  S 
oTci"  "^ 


§5. 
o  o 


J?- 


o 
o 


«  eo 

eo 

00  ci 

00 

eo 

'     eo  »o 

i^ 

00  t"- 

t"  <£> 


o 


.  o  "-I      C*  eo  ■ 

i  ^s  eo  -   eo  eo  I 

I  00  00  -    00  00  I 


CO  Tjt  tfj  CO  t' 00  r- 

00  00  00  00  00  00  00  ' 


l^ 


ft 
IS: 


o 


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a 

ts 

09 

o 

o 

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R 

s 

o 

a* 

+-• 

g 

-2 

0) 

o 

3 

BQQf 

APPENDIX   E. 

STATISTICS  OF  FAIRMOUNT  WATER  WC 

COMPILED  FROM  THE  ANNUAL  HI 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

i,a 

Si^s 

A.S  a 

s 

1 

II 

3  o    . 

if 

3  £  a 

«  «  ^ 

lie 

41:3  O 

li 

i 

1,2  i 

m 

JiSl 

For  the  year 

1801 

34 

2 

•        •        • 

1802 

5 

1803 

267 

9 

1804 

345 

1,8 

1805 

3,2 

1806 

5,0 

1807 

4,9 

1808 

6,2 

1809 

1,590 

9,1 

1810 

10,9 

1811 

2,127 

12,1 

1812 

2,602 

15,0 

1813 

2,984 

16.6 

1814 

17,8 

1815 

18,5 

1816 

19,9 

1817 

879,688 

19,9 

1818 

21,1 

1819 

21,9 

1820 

4,170 

23,0 

1821 

24,5 

1822 

4,758 

25,4 

1823 

26,1 

1824 

325.0 

52.15 

1,643,T10 

5,057 

27,2 

1825 

5,362 

29,1 

1826 

184.0 

29.52 

1,128,200 

6,132 

33,5 

1887 

7,493 

42,0 

1828 

8,769 

51,0 

■??"-  -    '-(■■ 

ct 

1829 
183U 

9,603 
10,343 

56,6 
63,6 

(< 

1831 

178.3 

28.62 

2,034,090 

70,4 

For  Summer  months 

II 

167.5 

42.92 

3,051,130 

11,406 

For  the  year    . 

1832 

12,444 

7. 

1833 

13,984 

85,5 

II 

•                • 

1834 

204.7 

32.84 

3,457,950 

16,895 

90,6 

For  July  and  August  (dry  time 

II 

301.0 

48.30 

5,085,220 

For  the  year     . 

1835 

190.2 

30  62 

3,557,260 

' 

For  Summer  months 

For  October  and  November 

II 
II 

217.5 
182.9 

34.90 
29.36 

4,068,180 
3,420,970 

■  18,704 

99,8 

For  December  3d 

II 

137.2 

22.02 

2,56(),240 

For  the  year    . 

1836 

161.4 

25.90 

3,175,920 

" 

From  February  1st  to  SIst,  (very  col 

d) 

II 

91.5 

14.68 

1,799,960 

"    February  21  to  March  20 

II 

109.2 

17.53 

2,149,280 

"     March  20  to  June  3 

II 

157.4 

25.26 

3,098,040 

•  19,678 

106,4 

■' 

"     June  3  to  July  23      . 

II 

203.8 

32.70 

4,009,840 

"    July  22  to  September  9  . 

II 

214.6 

34.44 

4,223,710 

-  ■■    ., 

•*     September  9  to  October  28 

II 

190.2 

30.52 

3,742,620 

•,  ' 

"    October  28  to  December  31 

II 

163.0 

26.16 

3,207,870 

4 

For  the  year    .... 

1837 

171.8 

27.57 

3,515,320 

20,462 

II 

1838 

178.4 

28.63 

3,916,280 

From  January  1  to  April  1 

II 

121.8 

19.56 

2,673,230 

"    April  1  to  July  1     . 

II 

182.7 

29.32 

4,009,840 

21,947 

121,1 

••    July  1  to  October  1 

i( 

238.7 

38.31 

5,239,5.30 

"    October  1  to  December  31 

II 

170.5 

27.36 

3,742,520 

, 

For  the  year    .... 

1839 

178.7 

28.68 

4,046,170 

^^^^^ 

From  January  1  to  April  1 

■ 

II 

134.0 

21.50 

3,032,380  1 

^ 

PENDIX   E. 

NT  WATER  WORKS,  PHILADELPHIA. 

•ROM  THE  ANNUAL  REPORTS. 


'4 


6. 


0-3  " 


'=•2  s 


7. 


I 

2 


^ 


§ 


8. 


34 

267 
345 


1,590 

2,127 
2,602 
2,984 


4,170 

4,758 

5,057 
5,352 
6,132 
7,493 
8,769 
9,603 
10,343 

11,406 

12,444 
13,984 

16,895 
18,704 


19,678 


20,462 


21,947 


M 


278 

537 

961 

1,800 

3,260 

5,050 

4,987 

6,207 

9,105 

10,931 

12,163 

15,629 

16.638 

17,883 

18,500 

19,975 

19,922 

21,120 

21,998 

23,016 

24,584 

25,485 

26,191 

27,293 

29,160 

33,509 

42,000 

51,020 

56,693 

63,614 

70,403 

7.     )7 
85,539 

90,531 


99,848 


106,432 


121,161 


Hk 


8. 


11 

V  S 


siS 


u 


®    S    d 

ill 


9. 


•si 

8  ^  . 


.S<2  3 


^1^1  I 
to  3  g 
«  tcc-3  3 
1;! I-S  « 


665,329 


P98,840 


1,036,830 


1,138,323 


1,143,000 


1,371,873 


MUM 


1,381,031 


1,463,404 


10. 


i 


11.      12.      13 


a 

g. 

o 

a 
o 

o 

♦•* 

0.0 

3   O 

■s,s 


1.81 

3.42 

6.45 

9.29 

13.17 

15.33 

22.97 

38.83 

47.85 

55.36 

63.05 

67.57 

72.86 

78.07 
82.25 


93.04 


98.74 


106.38 


II 

il 
^  _ 

''  o.to 

Sm   S   ^ 

OJ  o 
O    4>   O 


ca 
.d  n 

53  •'  a 
s  o  V 


740 


852 


907 


981 


2,500 


3,000 


3,000 


say 
3,500 


&■ 


8  18 

3  60 
5  22 


5  73 

5  72 

6  00 
5  58 


5  52 

6  35 

5  40 
5  45 
5  46 
5  72 
5  82 

5  90 

6  15 

6  17 

6  23 

6  11 
5  36 


6  34 


5  41 


6  63 


T^ 


aiiu^ugust  (dry  time) 
For  the  year     . 
For  Summer  months 
For  October  and  November 
For  December  3d      .         . 

For  the  year 

From  February  Ist  to  Slst,  (very  cold) 

"     February  21  to  March  20 

"     March  20  to  June  3 

"     June  3  to  July  22      . 

"    July  22  to  September  9  . 

'•     September  9  to  October  28 

"     October  28  to  December  31 
For  the  year    . 

•         •         •        • 
From  January  1  to  April  1 

••     April  1  to  July  1     . 

"    July  1  to  October  1 

"     October  1  to  December  31 
For  the  year    . 
From  January  1  to  April  1 

"     April  1  to  July  1 

•'     July  1  to  October  I 

"     October  1  to  December  31 
For  the  year     . 
From  January  1  to  April  1 

*'     April  1  to  July  I 

"     July  1  to  October  1 

"     Octob      1  to  December  31 
For  the  year     . 
From  January  I  to  April  1 

"     April  1  to  July  1 

•'    July  1  to  October  1 

"    October  1  to  December  31 
For  the  year     . 
From  January  1  to  April  I 

"     April  1  to  July  1 

"     July  1  to  October  1 

"    October  1  to  December  31 
For  the  year     . 
From  January  1  to  April  1 

••     April  1  to  July  1      . 

"     July  1  to  October  1 

"     October  1  to  December  31 
On  September  15  and  16   . 
For  the  year     . 
From  January  1  to  April  1 

"     April  1  to  July  1 

"    July  1  to  October  1 

"    October  1  to  December  31 

For  the  vear  i  ^"""^  °^  ^^^  ^'^ 

^  '        I     tricts  declined 

From  January  1  to  April  1 

"     April  1  to  July  1      . 

"     July  1  to  October  1 

October  1  to  December  31 


<< 


1835 

(( 

(I 
<i 

1836 

K 
«l 
IC 
<( 
II 
II 
II 

1837 

1838 
II 

II 

It 

(I 

1839 
11 

II 

II 

II 

1840 

II 

II 
II 
<i 

1841 

II 

II 


1842 
II 

II 

II 

II 

1843 

ii 

II 
II 
II 
II 

1844 

II 

II 
II 
II 


301. U 
190.2 
217.5 
182.9 
137.2 
161.4 


4H 
33 
34 
29 
22 
25 
14 
109.2|  17 
157.4  25 
203.8  32 
214.0  34 
190.2  30 
163.0  26 

171.8  27 

178.4  28 
121.8 
182.7 
238.7 

170.5  27 
178.7|28 
134.0121 
I96  0!  31 
205.51 32 
179.5|28 
174.7128 
143.4l23 
184.4!  2'J 
207.2: 33 

163.9  20 
179.li28 
129.2!  20 
183.9129 


.30;5,085,220 
52  3,557,200 
4,068,180 
3,420,970 
2,56(1,240 
3,175,920 
1,799,960 
2,149,280 
3,098,040 
4,009,840 
4,223,710 
3,742,520 


90 
36 
.02 
.90 
.68 
53 
.26 
.70 
44 
.52 


19 
29 

38 


37 

28 
27 


232.6 

178.7 

1G9.3, 

145.0  23 

176.0;  -*8 

205.0'  32 

116.3!  18 

169.4 

141.7 

173.2 

203.2 

156.9 

229.9 

193.0 

132.4 

197.2 

251.7 

176.4 


1845  207.7 

"  1 155.6 
"  229.8 
"  261.6 


27. 
22, 
27 
32 
25, 
36 
30 
21 
31 
40 
28 


.16 
.57 
63 
.55 
.32 
.31 
,36 
.68 
,50 
,46 
,97 
,80 
04 
,02 
,59 
.25 
,30 
,73 
,74 
.50 
.32 
68 
17 
26 
25 
90 
,66 
18 
74 
,78 
60 
17 
.88 
98 
.24 
.64 
.39 


3,207,870 
3,515,320 
3,916,280 
2,673,230 
4,009,840 
5,239,5.'?0 
3,742,520 
4,046,170 
3,032,380 
4,437,560 
4,651,420 
4,063,310 
4,103,410 
3,368,270 
4,330.630 
4,865,280 
3,849,450 
4,445,630 
3,2.  ^,940 
4,564,240 
5,774,170 
4,437,550 
4,370,730 
3,742,520 
4,544,490 
5,292,990 
3,002,910 
4,497,780 
3,763,060 
4,597,050 
5,394,710 
4,165,203 
6,102,260 
5,421.310 
3,716,810 
5,538,100 
7,068,370 


!W" 


18,704 


31  4,955,140 


33.33 

24.97 
36.87 
41.98 


"    1183.7  29.48 


4,187,740 

3,138,040 
4,633,600 
5,275,160 
3,704,160 


19,678 


20,462 


21,947 


22,636 


23,482 


24,828 


25,816 


26,549 


28,082 


20,165 


1( 


12 


13 


14 


14 


15 


91 


TABLE    CONTINUED    FOR    OTH 


New  York  to  Ist  May, 
i<  11 


II                    II 

11                      II 

11                      (1 

II                      II 

Boston  to  December  1 
Quebec,  proposed 

1843 

1' 

1844 

0 

1846 

9,600 

Hi 

1846 

19,217 

16^ 

1847 

14,961 

19< 

1848 

1847 

none. 

none. 

nc 

II 

160. 

24.07 

3,000,000 

20,000 

.30 


62 

.90 

.36 

.02 

.90 

.68 

.53 

.26 

.70 

.44 

.52 

.16 

.57 

.63 

.55 

.32 

.31 

.36 

.68 

,50 

.46 

.97 

,80 

04 

,02 

59 

25 

30 

73 

74 

50 

32 

68 

17 


5,085,220 

3,557,260 

4,068,180 

3,420,970 

2,560,240 

3,175,920 

1,799,960 

2,149,280 

3,098,040 

4,009,840 

4,223,710 

3,742,520 

3,207,870 

3,515,320 

3,916,280 

2,673,230 

4,009,810 

5,239,530 

3,742,520 

4,046,170 

3,032,380 

4,437,560 

4,651,420 

4,063,310 

4,103,410 

3,368,270 

4,330.630 

4,865,280 

3,849,450 

4,445,630 

3,2.  ^,940 

4,564,240 

5,774,170 

4,437,550 

4,370,730 


wj^mm 


18,704 


19,678 


20,462 


21,947 


22,636 


99,848 


106,432 


121,151 


mRm 


1,036,830 


1,143,000 


1,371,873 


26  3,742,520 
4,544,490 
5,292,990 
3,002,910 
4,497,780 
3,763,060 
4,597,050 
5,394,710 
4,165,203 
6,102,260 
5,421.310 
3,716,810 
5,538,100 
7,068,370 
4,955,140 


4,187,740 

3,138,040 
4,633,600 
5,275,160 
3,704,160 


■  23,482 


•  24,828 


25,816 


26,549 


28,082 


■20,165 


127,234  1,499,107 


133,455 


1,630,840 


141,340  1,772,184 


148,400 


153,608 


98,813 


1,918,804 


2,067,609 


1,381,031 


1,453,404 


1,464,146 


1,472,598 


1,483,300 


1,493,688 


1,584,594 


2,256,791 


« 


93.04 


98.74 


852 


907 


106.38 


109.88 


111.50 


113.50 


115.25 


117.50 


120.88 


83.75 


3,000 


3,000 


5  34 


5  41 


981 


1,007 


1,025 


1,045 


1,055 


1,070 


1,099 


say 
3,500 


3,100 


3,100 


3,300 


3,300 


3,300 


3,500 


5  52 


5  62 


5  68 


5  69 


5  75 


5  79 


744  3,500 


4  90 


INUED    FOR    OTHER    CITIES. 


)7 


9,600 
12,217 
14,961 

17,839 

91,790 

118,582 

164,532 

194,551 

none. 
3,000,000 

none. 
20,000 

none. 

none. 

10,900,000 


1,442,951 


171.00 
30.04 


600 


600 


none. 


13  35 
13  46 
13  00 

none. 


